Aging is God’s eternal law with respect to the man and as such the principle of aging exists in the human nature and a man has no choice other than that of submitting to the Natural Law of Aging to begin his mortal existence.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ETERNAL LAW OF AGING: LORD GAUTAMA BUDDHA KNOWN AS “SIDDHARTHA”(HE WHO WILL ACCOMPLISH) STATED: “WHATEVER IS BORN, PRODUCED, CONDITIONED, CONTAINS WITHIN ITSELF THE NATURE OF ITS OWN DISSOLUTION.”
Lord Gautama Buddha (c. 563 to c. 483 B.C.,) known as “Siddhartha”(He who accomplishes) correctly observes to claim that, “Whatever is born, produced, conditioned, contains within itself the nature of its own dissolution.” In biology, the term aging is used to describe the progressive structural, and functional changes in an organism that lead to senescence or a decline of biological functions and of organism’s ability to adapt to metabolic stress. It must be carefully understood that the process called aging begins right after the moment of conception and the newborn arrives because of the mechanisms that operate and control the aging process.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ETERNAL LAW OF AGING: THE AGING PROCESS BEGINS AT CONCEPTION, AND THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMAN EMBRYO AND FETUS IS INFLUENCED BY TIME AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE MECHANISMS THAT OPERATE AND CONTROL THE AGING PHENOMENON. HUMAN EMBRYO, SIX DAYS AFTER CONCEPTION IS READY FOR IMPLANTATION IN ITS MOTHER’S WOMB.
Age is a fundamental characteristic of most living organisms. The speed of the aging process varies and it is not the same in the entire organism. To establish human birth with a recognizable physical appearance, the cells of the embryo and fetus rapidly multiply and several of them have to simply die after a programmed sequence of cell divisions. Aging is that inevitable process that causes cell death after the lapse of a specified time interval which is programmed. At adulthood (age 20), age acceleration is around 40% and it is 100% in newborns.
AGING – BIOLOGICAL CLOCK – BIOLOGICAL RHYTHM:
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ETERNAL LAW OF AGING: MAN EXISTS AS IF THE BODILY FUNCTIONS ARE OPERATED BY A VERY PRECISE TIMING MECHANISM. THE BIOLOGICAL CLOCK OPERATES THE BIO OR BIOLOGICAL RHYTHM THAT OSCILLATES WITH A PERIOD OF ABOUT 24 HOURS.SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ETERNAL LAW OF AGING: HUMAN EXISTENCE IS SYNCHRONIZED WITH DAILY CHANGES IN THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT IN RESPONSE TO DAYLIGHT OR DARK.
Biorhythm or Biological Rhythm describes the cyclic pattern of changes in physiology often synchronized with daily environmental changes in response to daylight or dark. Circadian Rhythm is the 24-hour clock that drives wakefulness and sleep. Most living organisms use a timing mechanism that use clues or external environmental stimuli like that of light, and temperature that influence the internal Biological Clock. The concept of an operating Biological Clock is important in the understanding of the aging process.
HORVATH’S CLOCK – EPIGENETIC CLOCK – DNA METHYLATION AGE:
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ETERNAL LAW OF AGING: Dr STEVE HORVATH, PROFESSOR OF HUMAN GENETICS, UCLA, USA HAS DISCOVERED AN AGE PREDICTOR THAT CAN BE USED TO MEASURE THE AGE OF MOST HUMAN TISSUES, CELL TYPES, AND ORGANS OF THE SAME INDIVIDUAL AND COMPARE IT WITH THE CHRONOLOGICAL AGE OF THAT INDIVIDUAL.
Dr. Steve Horvath, Professor of Human Genetics, UCLA, USA has discovered a new technique of age measuring that uses aging marker called DNA Methylation. He described 353 epigenetic markers on the DNA which measure DNA methylation of cpG dinucleotides.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ETERNAL LAW OF AGING: THE EPIGENETIC CLOCK, HORVATH’S CLOCK IS A BIOLOGICAL CLOCK TO MEASURE THE AGE OF MOST HUMAN TISSUES, CELL TYPES, AND ORGANS IN THE SAME INDIVIDUAL WHICH CAN HELP IN PREDICTING THE AGING PROCESS.
The human organism experiences the consequences of the aging process and the condition called senescence or old age is easy to recognize. There are several theories about the aging mechanism and as to how the aging process is operated and controlled by hereditary factors. Some deterioration of normal bodily functions is always a component of the biological aging process.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ETERNAL LAW OF AGING: THERE ARE SEVERAL THEORIES ABOUT SENESCENCE. APART FROM THE MEASUREMENT OF CHRONOLOGICAL AGE, IT WOULD BE VERY USEFUL TO ASSESS AND MEASURE THE BIOLOGICAL AGE OF THE HUMAN ORGANISM AS THAT WOULD HELP TO PREDICT AGE-RELATED CHANGES IN THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION AND INVENT INTERVENTION MECHANISMS TO REDIRECT OR REGULATE THE AGING PROCESS.
I define Spirit or Soul as the vital, animating, and unchanging, operating Principle that establishes the fact of living or existence in a constantly changing world. Age is a measurement of the time interval between two events such as the birth and the death. The aging phenomenon is a variable expression which is influenced by both heredity and external environmental factors. At the same time, it could be important to identify the factors that operate within the internal environment of each, individual, independent, living cell. The immediate external environment of DNA, genes, chromosomes, and the nucleus is called the cytoplasm, or cytosol if the cell is viewed as a nucleus and cytoplasm bounded by a limiting membrane. I often write about the unchanging nature of this cytoplasm which may be recognized as its spiritual attribute. The cytoplasm has the Power described in Physiology as “NUTRITION,”the power or ability with which it attracts matter found in the cell’s external environment. In other words, the cytoplasm has the spiritual ability to establish a connection, association, bonding, relationship, or partnership between the energy-yielding molecules of the environment, and the energy-demanding molecules of the living entity and establish the fact or the reality called the living being. The DNA, the genes, the chromosomes and the nucleus have no such ability for they simply lead a dependent existence deriving energy and matter supplied by the cytoplasm and its structures such as the mitochondria, and the ribosomes. The DNA is able to express a change and is able to generate a variation in the structures or a variation in the physiological functions such as the rate of protein synthesis because of the fact of its dependence upon an unchanging Principle that is not influenced by the time factor.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ETERNAL LAW OF AGING: A BASIC UNDERSTANDING OF THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF THE CELL AND ITS COMPONENT PARTS IS IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND THE AGING PROCESS. THE TIME FACTOR INFLUENCES THE DNA, THE GENES, THE CHROMOSOMES, AND THE NUCLEUS. THE CYTOPLASM IS OPERATED BY A SPIRITUAL NATURE THAT HAS ATTRIBUTES SUCH AS IMMUTABLE, IMPERISHABLE, IMMORTAL, OR ETERNAL. THE DNA AND ITS RELATED STRUCTURES LEAD A DEPENDENT EXISTENCE DERIVING MATTER AND ENERGY SUPPLIED BY THE SPIRITUAL POWER OF CYTOPLASM.
If age is viewed as a natural phenomenon characterized by changes in structure and function, the change is explained as the Power of Time over material things. This change is possible and can be recognized as the process is supported by an Unchanging, Spiritual, or Eternal Principle that is not affected by the time factor. For that reason, aging has to be explained as an Eternal Law which operates and regulates the human existence from conception to death. Man has no choice other than that of leading a dependent existence, a Dependence that is primarily sustained by the Power/Force/Energy often named as the Divine Providence.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – ESSENCE – IDENTITY – UNITY – EXISTENCE : MAN’S EXISTENCE IS GOVERNED BY THE ETERNAL LAW OF AGING. MAN EXISTS WHILE HE PASSES THROUGH VARIOUS STAGES SUCH AS BOYHOOD, YOUTH, ADULTHOOD, AND OLDAGE THAT IS ASSOCIATED WITH CHANGES IN FORM AND APPEARANCE.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: “IN THE DESCENT OF MAN” (1871), CHARLES DARWIN SHARED A VIEW OF MAN’S ORIGIN BY A PROCESS OF NATURAL VARIATION FROM AN ANCESTRAL TYPE. WE HAVE YET TO DISCOVER A COMMON ANCESTOR FOR BOTH THE ANTHROPOID APES SUCH AS THE GORILLA AND THE MAN.SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGISTS CLAIM THAT MAN HAS ARRIVED OR DESCENDED FROM AN ANCESTOR WITH 48 CHROMOSOMES AND CLAIM THAT ANCESTOR IS VERY LIKELY TO HAVE A GENOME SIMILAR TO THAT OF APES SUCH AS CHIMPANZEE AND BONOBO.
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution involves the notion of a common ancestor for both man and the anthropoid apes. Both Gorilla and Chimpanzee are natives of Africa and they exist with 48 chromosomes as compared to man’s genome that consists of 46 chromosomes. Human Chromosome #2 attracted a lot of attention for the nearest ape relative bonobo has near identical DNA sequences . But, the problem is that of the separation of these DNA sequences into two chromosomes called #2 a, and #2 b giving the apes a genome with 48 chromosomes.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: Chromosome #2 IS THE SECOND LARGEST HUMAN CHROMOSOME. IT CONTAINS 1,491 GENES AND MILLIONS OF BASE PAIRS.
It would be very easy to speculate that the Human Chromosome #2 can result from an end to end fusion of two ancestral chromosomes such as the Chromosome #2 a, and Chromosome #2 b.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: IT IS NOT LIKELY TO PRODUCE HUMAN CHROMOSOME #2 FROM FUSION OF CHROMOSOMES #2 a and #2 b. APES DO NOT HAVE A FUSED CHROMOSOME.
Man and apes exist with genomes that are almost identical and yet man cannot directly descend from the anthropoid apes. The fusion of Chromosomes #2 a, and #2 b would cause the production of a non-viable mutant or an individual who may not produce any offspring. Firstly, we need a male and a female with this fused chromosome in their gametes; the sperm and the egg to produce an offspring with a unique set of 46 chromosomes; 22 pairs of autosomes and a pair of (XY or XX) of Sex Chromosomes X,Y. It requires two identical, rare, mutant, male and female to produce offspring and to establish an entirely new population. The Theory of Evolution proposes that random, unguided, mutations lead to changes in a Species and eventually lead to its descent as a new Species. If fusion of two, distinct, separate chromosomes such as #2 a, and #2 b is required, the fusion event must happen in a Hominid population about 10,000 years ago and this population would have no relationship with the living apes.
THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN RACES:
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: THE PROBLEM OF HUMAN EVOLUTION HAS TO DEAL WITH TWO BASIC ISSUES; 1. THE DISCOVERY OF HUMAN ANCESTORS, AND 2. THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN RACES.SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: AMONG ANTHROPOLOGISTS THERE ARE TWO VIEWS ABOUT THE EXISTENCE OF HUMAN RACES; 1.MONOGENY, AND 2. POLYGENY.
The term “RACE” describes any of the different varieties or populations of human beings distinguished by physical traits such as hair, eyes, skin color, shape of body and head, facial features, and blood traits. These physical traits or characteristics are transmitted by heredity. However, it must be noted that such traits are highly variable, not every member of a race will exhibit all distinguishing traits. But, it is very clear that Human Races or varieties arose in response to inbreeding and not on account of interbreeding of different subspecies.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: ANTHROPOLOGISTS HAD INITIALLY DESCRIBED THREE PRIMARY DIVISIONS OF PEOPLE; 1. CAUCASOID, 2. MONGOLOID, AND 3. NEGROID. MEMBERS OF HUMAN SPECIES SHARE A COMMON HUMAN NATURE WHILE THERE IS VARIATION IN MORPHOLOGICAL APPEARANCES.
Anthropologists had initially described three primary divisions of people, 1. Caucasoid, 2. Mongoloid, and 3. Negroid. Thomas Huxley in his paper titled “On the Geographical Distribution of the Chief Modifications of Mankind”(1870), had described racial varieties such as Bushman, Africoid, Negritoes, Melanochroi, Australoids, Xanthochroi, Polynesians, Mongoloids A, B, & C, and Esquimaux.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: THOMAS HUXLEY DURING 1870 DESCRIBED THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF VARIOUS RACIAL VARIETIES. JOHANN FRIEDRICH BLUMENBACH (1775/76) DIVIDED MANKIND INTO FIVE GREAT FAMILIES – CAUCASIAN, MONGOLIAN, MALAYAN, ETHIOPIAN, AND AMERICAN.
It is of no surprise to note the controversy regarding the terms used to identify the varieties of mankind. As such there is no agreement and the word ‘Species’ has no defined meaning. There are two schools of thought to account for the apparent variations among the members of the Human Species. Monogeny describes a view that all human races came from a common ancestor. Polygeny is a view that asserts the separate creation of races.
THE BIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR HUMAN RACES:
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: THE VARIATIONS AMONG MEMBERS OF THE SAME SPECIES AND OF DIFFERENT SPECIES CANNOT BE IGNORED. WHILE ALL LIVING BEINGS ARE FUNDAMENTALLY ALIKE FOR THE LIVING MATTER OR LIVING SUBSTANCE IS THE SAME. THE VARIATIONS IN FORM DEMANDS THE OPERATION OF A MOST CREATIVE PROCESS.
Today, some anthropologists entirely reject the concept of “RACE.” However, they stress the heterogeneity of world population. In Biology, the term ‘race’ is used to describe a subspecies, or variety, or breed. The search for a common ancestor for the entire Human Species is not yet over. In recent times, the techniques of DNA extraction and genomic sequencing have advanced. Evolutionary geneticists are describing their findings with a degree of boldness by simply studying the DNA and using the finding to predict the behavior and nature of the Homo Species members.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: HOMO FLORESIENSIS, ABOUT 3 FEET TALL, DISCOVERED IN LIANG BUA CAVE, ON THE ISLAND FLORES, INDONESIA. THE FLORES MAN HAS A FOSSIL RECORD THAT EXTENDS FROM 38,000 YEARS TO 12,000 YEARS AGO AND MYSTERIOUSLY DISAPPEARED.SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: HOMO SAPIENS IDALTU HAS BROW RIDGES, PROMINENT JAW AND GLOBULAR HEAD, WITH SLOPING FOREHEAD. THE SKULLS of 160,000 YEARS OLD IDALTU MAN DISCOVERED IN ETHIOPIA.SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: THE IDALTU MAN, ANATOMICALLY SPEAKING WAS AT THE THRESHOLD OF MODERN HUMAN SPECIES BUT WAS NOT FULLY A MODERN HUMAN BEING.SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: THIS REPLICA MAY REPRESENT A DENISOVAN GIRL WHOSE FINGER BONE CALLED PHALANX WAS DISCOVERED IN DENISOVA CAVE, ALTAI MOUNTAINS OF SOUTHERN SIBERIA. THE DENISOVA WAS MORE SIMILAR TO NEANDERTALS THAN TO MODERN HUMANS.SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: HOMO SAPIENS RED DEER DISCOVERED IN MALUDONG OR RED DEER CAVE, YUNNAN PROVINCE, SOUTHERN CHINA HAD LIVED FROM 14,500 TO 11,500 YEARS AGO. RED DEER CAVE PEOPLE ARE NOT CLASSIFIED AS MODERN HUMANS.
To resolve the problems about finding the biological basis for human races, we may have to take the help of the Science called Immunology that deals with man’s ability to defend his own existence by recognizing Self and Non-Self marker proteins (antigens), the protein molecules that cover the surfaces of every cell in the human body.
THE LAW OF CREATION AND INDIVIDUALITY:
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: THE MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX (MHC) IS THE HUMAN LEUKOCYTE ANTIGEN (HLA) GENE CLUSTER ON CHROMOSOME 6. HUMAN ORGANS AND TISSUES CANNOT BE TRANSPLANTED OR GRAFTED INTO THE BODIES OF UNRELATED INDIVIDUALS. HUMAN IDENTITY MUST BE DISCOVERED AT MOLECULAR LEVEL TO ESTABLISH THE AFFINITY BETWEEN TWO HUMAN INDIVIDUALS.SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: HUMAN IDENTITY INVOLVES THE SURFACE MARKER PROTEINS FOUND ON EVERY CELL. TRANSPLANTED ORGANS AND TISSUES COULD BE REJECTED AS FOREIGN (NON-SELF) BY A HOST OR RECIPIENT FOR THE ANTIGENS ARE RECOGNIZED AS NON-SELF. SIMILARLY, INFECTIOUS AGENTS AND PATHOGENS ARE RECOGNIZED GIVING THE BODY THE ABILITY TO RESIST INFECTIONS.SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION: HUMAN EXISTENCE DEMANDS THE ABILITY TO DEFEND ONE’S OWN EXISTENCE TO MAINTAIN THE ABILITY TO LIVE AS A SPECIFIC INDIVIDUAL WITH INDIVIDUALITY. THE RECOGNITION OF SELF AND NON-SELF IS THE FUNDAMENTAL BASIS TO MAINTAIN SEPARATE IDENTITY TO ESTABLISH THE EXISTENCE OF THE HUMAN INDIVIDUAL.
The many aspects of immunological recognition is more important than that of the recognition of ancestral Species from which the Human Species may have arrived or descended. The HLA antigens are very remarkable for the extensive degree of genetic polymorphism; that is the variability between individuals is very great and there could be no two identical individuals as unrelated individuals have different HLA antigens. Histocompatibility is a condition of compatibility between the tissues of a graft or transplant and the tissues of the body receiving the graft or transplant. The understanding of histocompatibility is important for the success of organ transplantation and it clearly demonstrates that the Human Species has no choice other than that of existing as Specific Individuals with Individuality. The concept of descent from another Species cannot account for immunological recognition which formulates the basis for histocompatibility and Immunity from infections.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – HUMAN EVOLUTION. WE NEED TO ACCOUNT FOR THE STATUS OF THE MODERN MAN AS PER THE MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE :
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN SPECIES:
The appearance of the Human Species about 8,000 to 10,000 years ago cannot be explained as a natural event and it cannot be accounted for by The Law of Natural Generation. There are two important principles involved; 1. The Biogenetic Law which stipulates that living organisms are generated only by living organisms, and 2. The Law of Natural Generation that states that offspring will always be of the same Species as the parent Species. In my view, the Origin of Human Species as a new form of life cannot be explained by the operation of natural causes. At the same time, I would like to respectfully avoid the term “Supernatural”, and would rather prefer to use the term “creative” to explain the Origin of Human Species and account for the Special Form of Man.
THE NATURAL HISTORY OF MAN:
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN SPECIES: The Science called Geology describes the physical nature and history of planet Earth. Pleistocene, First Epoch of the Quaternary Period in the Cenozoic Era, is known as the Period of the Great Ice Age records the appearance of the members of the species that belong to the Homo Genus. Modern Human activity belongs to the Holocene Epoch that began about 10,000 years ago.
During the Period of the Great Ice Age or Pleistocene, continental glaciers covered much of N. North America, and NW Europe. The Holocene Epoch or Series which started approximately 10,000 years ago began to witness a change in Earth’s surface. The continental glaciers are now restricted to Antarctica and Greenland. It was not a cataclysmic change with consequences for the survival of life. The climatic change has actually helped the development and spread of modern human culture. It is indeed very surprising to note that this improvement in Earth’s surface and climate was accompanied by the extinction of giant mammals and the disappearance of a large variety of the Hominid Species.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN SPECIES: PLEISTOCENE EPOCH IS DIVIDED AS UPPER PLEISTOCENE, MIDDLE PLEISTOCENE, AND LOWER PLEISTOCENE. THE EARLY HOMONID SPECIES SUCH AS THE HOMO ERECTUS ERECTUS OR THE JAVA MAN BELONG TO THE LOWER PLEISTOCENE.
To trace the Origin of the Human Species, we may take a look at the different Hominid Species and the time periods during which they existed.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN SPECIES: The discovery of this Metacarpal Bone of the Middle Finger at Kaitio site, West Turkana, Kenya, that could be more than 1.42 million years old raised the hope of finding an intermediate link between the Human Species and other Anthropoid Apes.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN SPECIES: COMPARATIVE ANATOMY IS USED AS EVIDENCE TO VALIDATE THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION. THIS PHOTO IMAGE OF METACARPAL BONES OF DIFFERENT SPECIES COMPARES THE STYLOID PROCESS AT THE END OF THE BONE THAT CONNECTS TO THE WRIST. THE BONE STRUCTURE IS SIMILAR IN MAN, NEANDERTHALS, AND OTHER ARCHAIC HOMINID SPECIES THAT HAVE GRASPING THUMB AND FINGERS AND GIVE THE FUNCTIONAL ABILITY CALLED THE PRECISION GRIP.
Comparative Anatomy is used by the evolutionary biologists as evidence to prove the origin of a new form of life from a previously existing form of life. However, the Human Species has a special form and the use of Comparative Anatomy may actually demolish the Theory of Evolution.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN SPECIES: HOMO ERECTUS, THE EARLY HOMINID SPECIES DATING FROM 1,500,000 to 300,000 YEARS AGO. THIS IS A REPLICA OF JAVA MAN, PITHECANTHROPUS ERECTUS FROM THE LOWER PLEISTOCENE.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF MAN: THIS IS A REPLICA OF HOMO ERECTUS PEKINENSIS, PEKING MAN OR SINANTHROPUS FROM THE MIDDLE PLEISTOCENE.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN SPECIES: A REPLICA OF HOMINID, HOMO ERECTUS FROM AFRICA.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN SPECIES: REPLICA OF PILTDOWN MAN OF SUSSEX, ENGLAND, A HOMINID SPECIES OF THE PALEOLITHIC PERIOD OR OLD STONE AGE.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN SPECIES: HOMO SAPIENS MAY HAVE APPEARED 300,000 YEARS AGO. THIS IS A REPLICA OF RHODESIAN MAN, HOMO SAPIENS HEIDELBERGENSIS WHO COULD BE THE SAME AS RHODESIENSIS.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN SPECIES: AN ARTISTIC RENDITION OF FLORES MAN, HOMO FLORESIENSIS.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN SPECIES: A REPLICA OF HOMO SAPIENS NEANDERTHALIS, NEANDERTHAL MAN WHO LIVED BETWEEN 100,000 TO 40,000 YEARS AGO DISCOVERED IN 1856, NEANDERTHAL, WEST GERMANY. HE BELONGED TO THE MIDDLE PALEOLITHIC CULTURE. MODERN HUMANS MAY HAVE STARTED IN UPPER PALEOLITHIC CULTURE AND DEFINITELY BELONG TO THE BRONZE AGE.
None of these Hominid Species could be considered as the intermediate link or intermediate species from which the Human Species has arrived. The precise physical form of man has special features and it has to be explained if there is a connection between the Origin of the Human Species and of other Hominid Species. Comparative Anatomy makes the explanation of Man’s Evolution a very controversial subject.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN SPECIES: COMPARING HUMAN SKULL WITH THAT OF NEANDERTHAL SKULL HELPS TO UNDERSTAND THE PROBLEM OF HUMAN EVOLUTION. MODERN HUMANS SHARE SEVERAL FEATURES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF OTHER HOMINID SPECIES BUT THOSE SIMILARITIES MAKE THE ISSUE MORE DIFFICULT TO EXPLAIN.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN SPECIES: THERE IS NO NATURAL CAUSE, NATURAL FACTOR, NATURAL CONDITION, OR NATURAL MECHANISM TO ACCOUNT FOR THE VARIATION SEEN WHEN THE NEANDERTHAL SKULL IS COMPARED WITH THE HUMAN SKULL.
THE ORIGIN OF THE SPECIAL FORM OF MAN:
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN SPECIES: CHARLES DARWIN(1809-1892) MADE IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTIONS AND HIS PUBLISHED WORKS INCLUDE THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES(1859) AND THE DESCENT OF MAN(1871). HE FAILED TO DESCRIBE THE CREATIVE PROCESS, THE CREATIVE MECHANISM, OR THE CREATIVE EVENTS THAT CAN ACCOUNT FOR THE APPEARANCE OF NEW SPECIES AND THE EXTINCTION OF SPECIES FOR WHICH THERE IS NO NATURAL CAUSE.
In my view, there is no extinct or living Species that can bridge the gap between the Human Species and its nearest Hominid allies. About, 10,000 years ago, Earth’s surface had changed. The land area covered by Ice has steadily decreased; in Upper Pleistocene about 28 percent land area was covered by Ice and in Holocene, only about 10 percent land area is covered by ice. The warming of the climate has increased the area of habitation available to the various Hominid Species. Environmental conditions are entirely favorable to the survival of all the Hominid Species. If Darwin’s Theory of Evolution is a valid theory, we must witness the simultaneous co-existence of all intermediate varieties that may have progressed through incremental changes leading to the Origin of the Human Species. There was no geological catastrophe, it is relatively easy to adapt to the changed environment, food supply is adequate and particularly the Hominid Species were not preying upon one another in their struggle for existence. Actually, Darwin’s view on blending of hereditary factors is not supported by Gregor Mendel’s classic experiments in hybridization. According to Mendel, Inheritance is particulate and his theory is fully validated. Distinct genetic factors combine to produce a certain somatic result without causing the loss of separate identities carried by specific genes. The genetic factors can therefore be assorted and enter into new genetic combinations in the next generation. There is no evidence to suggest that the new Human Species has arrived because of some abrupt mutations in a single generation of any particular Hominid Species. It may be noted that Darwin’s Theory claims that new species originate through natural processes of Heredity and Selection. The Natural Laws of Heredity, and the natural process named Natural Selection are not sufficient for the production of the new Human Species that replaced all other Hominid Species that survived until Middle and Upper Pleistocene.
The appearance of the Anatomically Modern Man or the Human Species about 8,000 to 12,000 years ago cannot be explained as a natural event and it cannot be accounted for by The Law of Natural Generation. There are two important principles involved; 1. The Biogenetic Law which stipulates that living organisms are generated only by living organisms, and 2. The Law of Natural Generation that states that offspring will always be of the same Species as the parent Species. In my view, the Origin of Human Species as a new form of life cannot be explained by the operation of natural causes. At the same time, I would like to respectfully avoid the term “Supernatural”, and would rather prefer to use the term “creative” to explain the Origin of Human Species and account for the Special Form of Man.
THE NATURAL HISTORY OF MAN:
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN SPECIES: The Science called Geology describes the physical nature and history of planet Earth. Pleistocene, First Epoch of the Quaternary Period in the Cenozoic Era, is known as the Period of the Great Ice Age records the appearance of the members of the species that belong to the Homo Genus. Modern Human activity belongs to the Holocene Epoch that began about 10,000 years ago.
During the Period of the Great Ice Age or Pleistocene, continental glaciers covered much of N. North America, and NW Europe. The Holocene Epoch or Series which started approximately 10,000 years ago began to witness a change in Earth’s surface. The continental glaciers are now restricted to Antarctica and Greenland. It was not a cataclysmic change with consequences for the survival of life. The climatic change has actually helped the development and spread of modern human culture. It is indeed very surprising to note that this improvement in Earth’s surface and climate was accompanied by the extinction of giant mammals and the disappearance of a large variety of the Hominid Species.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN SPECIES: PLEISTOCENE EPOCH IS DIVIDED AS UPPER PLEISTOCENE, MIDDLE PLEISTOCENE, AND LOWER PLEISTOCENE. THE EARLY HOMONID SPECIES SUCH AS THE HOMO ERECTUS ERECTUS OR THE JAVA MAN BELONG TO THE LOWER PLEISTOCENE.
To trace the Origin of the Human Species, we may take a look at the different Hominid Species and the time periods during which they existed.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN SPECIES: The discovery of this Metacarpal Bone of the Middle Finger at Kaitio site, West Turkana, Kenya, that could be more than 1.42 million years old raised the hope of finding an intermediate link between the Human Species and other Anthropoid Apes.SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN SPECIES: COMPARATIVE ANATOMY IS USED AS EVIDENCE TO VALIDATE THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION. THIS PHOTO IMAGE OF METACARPAL BONES OF DIFFERENT SPECIES COMPARES THE STYLOID PROCESS AT THE END OF THE BONE THAT CONNECTS TO THE WRIST. THE BONE STRUCTURE IS SIMILAR IN MAN, NEANDERTHALS, AND OTHER ARCHAIC HOMINID SPECIES THAT HAVE GRASPING THUMB AND FINGERS AND GIVE THE FUNCTIONAL ABILITY CALLED THE PRECISION GRIP.
Comparative Anatomy is used by the evolutionary biologists as evidence to prove the origin of a new form of life from a previously existing form of life. However, the Human Species has a special form and the use of Comparative Anatomy may actually demolish the Theory of Evolution.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN SPECIES: HOMO ERECTUS, THE EARLY HOMINID SPECIES DATING FROM 1,500,000 to 300,000 YEARS AGO. THIS IS A REPLICA OF JAVA MAN, PITHECANTHROPUS ERECTUS FROM THE LOWER PLEISTOCENE.SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF MAN: THIS IS A REPLICA OF HOMO ERECTUS PEKINENSIS, PEKING MAN OR SINANTHROPUS FROM THE MIDDLE PLEISTOCENE.SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN SPECIES: A REPLICA OF HOMINID, HOMO ERECTUS FROM AFRICA.SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN SPECIES: REPLICA OF PILTDOWN MAN OF SUSSEX, ENGLAND, A HOMINID SPECIES OF THE PALEOLITHIC PERIOD OR OLD STONE AGE.SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN SPECIES: HOMO SAPIENS MAY HAVE APPEARED 300,000 YEARS AGO. THIS IS A REPLICA OF RHODESIAN MAN, HOMO SAPIENS HEIDELBERGENSIS WHO COULD BE THE SAME AS RHODESIENSIS.SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN SPECIES: AN ARTISTIC RENDITION OF FLORES MAN, HOMO FLORESIENSIS.SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN SPECIES: A REPLICA OF HOMO SAPIENS NEANDERTHALIS, NEANDERTHAL MAN WHO LIVED BETWEEN 100,000 TO 40,000 YEARS AGO DISCOVERED IN 1856, NEANDERTHAL, WEST GERMANY. HE BELONGED TO THE MIDDLE PALEOLITHIC CULTURE. MODERN HUMANS MAY HAVE STARTED IN UPPER PALEOLITHIC CULTURE AND DEFINITELY BELONG TO THE BRONZE AGE.
None of these Hominid Species could be considered as the intermediate link or intermediate species from which the Human Species has arrived. The precise physical form of man has special features and it has to be explained if there is a connection between the Origin of the Human Species and of other Hominid Species. Comparative Anatomy makes the explanation of Man’s Evolution a very controversial subject.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN SPECIES: COMPARING HUMAN SKULL WITH THAT OF NEANDERTHAL SKULL HELPS TO UNDERSTAND THE PROBLEM OF HUMAN EVOLUTION. MODERN HUMANS SHARE SEVERAL FEATURES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF OTHER HOMINID SPECIES BUT THOSE SIMILARITIES MAKE THE ISSUE MORE DIFFICULT TO EXPLAIN.SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN SPECIES: THERE IS NO NATURAL CAUSE, NATURAL FACTOR, NATURAL CONDITION, OR NATURAL MECHANISM TO ACCOUNT FOR THE VARIATION SEEN WHEN THE NEANDERTHAL SKULL IS COMPARED WITH THE HUMAN SKULL.
THE ORIGIN OF THE SPECIAL FORM OF MAN:
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN SPECIES: CHARLES DARWIN(1809-1892) MADE IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTIONS AND HIS PUBLISHED WORKS INCLUDE THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES(1859) AND THE DESCENT OF MAN(1871). HE FAILED TO DESCRIBE THE CREATIVE PROCESS, THE CREATIVE MECHANISM, OR THE CREATIVE EVENTS THAT CAN ACCOUNT FOR THE APPEARANCE OF NEW SPECIES AND THE EXTINCTION OF SPECIES FOR WHICH THERE IS NO NATURAL CAUSE.
In my view, there is no extinct or living Species that can bridge the gap between the Human Species and its nearest Hominid allies. About, 10,000 years ago, Earth’s surface had changed. The land area covered by Ice has steadily decreased; in Upper Pleistocene about 28 percent land area was covered by Ice and in Holocene, only about 10 percent land area is covered by ice. The warming of the climate has increased the area of habitation available to the various Hominid Species. Environmental conditions are entirely favorable to the survival of all the Hominid Species. If Darwin’s Theory of Evolution is a valid theory, we must witness the simultaneous co-existence of all intermediate varieties that may have progressed through incremental changes leading to the Origin of the Human Species. There was no geological catastrophe, it is relatively easy to adapt to the changed environment, food supply is adequate and particularly the Hominid Species were not preying upon one another in their struggle for existence. Actually, Darwin’s view on blending of hereditary factors is not supported by Gregor Mendel’s classic experiments in hybridization. According to Mendel, Inheritance is particulate and his theory is fully validated. Distinct genetic factors combine to produce a certain somatic result without causing the loss of separate identities carried by specific genes. The genetic factors can therefore be assorted and enter into new genetic combinations in the next generation. There is no evidence to suggest that the new Human Species has arrived because of some abrupt mutations in a single generation of any particular Hominid Species. It may be noted that Darwin’s Theory claims that new species originate through natural processes of Heredity and Selection. The Natural Laws of Heredity, and the natural process named Natural Selection are not sufficient for the production of the new Human Species that replaced all other Hominid Species that survived until Middle and Upper Pleistocene.
Rudra Narasimham Rebbapragada
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE VS HUMAN EVOLUTION: REPLICA OF HOMO ERECTUS (AFRICA), ERECT MAN, VERTICAL GAIT, LIVED ABOUT 1.8 TO 0.3 MILLION YEARS AGO .
SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE – PANCHSHEEL AGREEMENT: 60 YEARS AGO, INDIA AND CHINA SIGNED AN AGREEMENT THAT EXCLUDED TIBET. THIS AGREEMENT IS NULL AND VOID WITHOUT THE PARTICIPATION OF TIBET.
SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE – PANCHSHEEL AGREEMENT: ACHARYA J B KRIPALANI, GANDHIAN THINKER, FREEDOM FIGHTER, SOCIAL WORKER, AND EMINENT INTELLECTUAL OF INDIA IS SEEN IN THIS PHOTO(LEFT) ALONG WITH SARDAR PATEL(MIDDLE) AND SIR SEN(RIGHT). ACCORDING TO ACHARYA KRIPALANI THE PANCHSHEEL AGREEMENT IS BORN IN SIN. I MET THIS NATIONALIST LEADER, MEMBER OF INDIAN PARLIAMENT DURING JUNE 1967 IN NEW DELHI.
Sixty years ago, India and Peoples’ Republic of China had signed the Panchsheel Agreement without coming to a proper understanding about the status of Tibet. This Agreement, in the words of Acharya Kripalani, is “Born in Sin.” I had expressed a similar view while commenting on the US-China trade relations that were initiated by President Richard Nixon and Dr. Henry Kissinger and described it as an act of “Original Sin.” In my opinion, any agreement between China and India would have no validity if it involves the Land of Tibet. The Panchsheel Agreement is void as Tibet has not signed this agreement. India and China do not share a common border and the concern about peaceful coexistence must include the concern for the true aspirations of Tibetan people and their natural rights to their territory and to their right to Freedom from military occupation.
Ram Madhav | INDIAN EXPRESS, Saturday, June 28, 2014 12:51 am
SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE – PANCHSHEEL AGREEMENT: Mr. Ram Madhav in his opinion had correctly stated that the Panchsheel Agreement between India and China does not include the Land of Tibet. Without the participation of Tibet, the Agreement has no worth and it will not achieve any purpose.
India and China can cooperate with each other on the principles of sovereign equality and mutual sensitivity.
Summary
India and China must develop a new framework for bilateral relations, unshackled by empty rituals and symbols.
Ram Madhav
The biggest problem in Sino-Indian relations is the utter lack of ingenuity and innovativeness. Six decades after the formal engagement through Panchsheel and five decades after the bloody disengagement due to the 1962 War, leaders of both the countries struggle to come up with new and out-of-the-box answers to the problems plaguing their relationship.
When there are no new ideas, one resorts to symbolism and rituals. These are projected as the great new ideas to kickstart a new relationship. However, there is nothing great or new about them. They are the very same worn out and tried-tested-and-failed actions of the last several decades.
The Panchsheel itself is one ritual that successive Indian governments have unfailingly performed. Vice President Hamid Ansari will be visiting Beijing today to uphold India’s commitment to the ritual. The occasion is the 60th anniversary of the signing of the Panchsheel Agreement.
It was exactly six decades ago, on June 28, 1954, roughly two months after the formal signing of the Panchsheel, that Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai visited India. He and then-prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru had issued a historic statement, reaffirming their commitment to the five principles enshrined in the Panchsheel to “lessen the tensions that exist in the world today and help in creating a climate of peace”.
Contrary to public perception or propaganda, Panchsheel was actually an agreement between the “Tibetan region of China and India” on “trade and intercourse”. It did include five principles, like mutual respect, mutual non-aggression, mutual benefit, peaceful coexistence, etc, but the very title of the agreement was a defeat for India.
The British had, at least from the Simla Accord of 1912 until they left India, not conceded that Tibet was a part of China. Unfortunately, one of the first foreign policy deviations of the Nehru government was the signing of the Panchsheel, wherein India had formally called the Tibetan region as “of China”. Thus the Panchsheel was signed as a treaty of peaceful coexistence over the obituary of Tibetan independence. That was why parliamentarian Acharya Kripalani called the agreement as “born in sin”.
The Panchsheel met its end just three months after its signing, when the Chinese were found violating Indian borders in Ladakh in late-1954. A formal death note was written by Mao Zedong a few months before the 1962 war, when he told Zhou that what India and China should practice is not “peaceful coexistence” but “armed coexistence”. The war followed and ended in humiliation and loss of territory for India. It left behind a massive border dispute that continues to haunt both the countries.
However, this didn’t seem to deter the Indian and, to some extent, the Chinese leadership in continuing with the deception of the Panchsheel. The history of Sino-Indian relations in the last five decades is replete with instances of violations of sovereignty, mutual animosity, attempts to upstage each other and general ill-will. Mostly the Chinese have been on the wrong side of the so-called Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence.
Yet, the ritual continued through the decades and changing governments in India. Nehru to P.V. Narasimha Rao to Atal Bihari Vajpayee continued paying lip service to the Panchsheel during bilateral visits.
“Only with coexistence can there be any existence,” declared Indira Gandhi in 1983. The next prime minister, Rajiv Gandhi, expressed confidence in 1988 that “the five principles of peaceful coexistence provide the best way to handle relations between nations”. Rao as prime minister declared in 1993 that “these principles remain as valid today as they were when they were drafted”. While Vajpayee too was forced to continue this ritual, he made a significant departure by refusing to falsely credit China for following the Panchsheel. He put extra emphasis on “mutual sensitivity to the concerns of each other” and “respect for equality”.
At a time when Beijing is celebrating six decades of the Panchsheel, it is important to look at a new framework for Sino-Indian relations beyond Panchsheel. Vajpayee laid the foundation for a renewed outlook by emphasising on sensitivity and equality. That can form the basis for the new framework.
The Chinese have a clever way of promoting their superiority and exclusivism. Sinologists describe it as the Middle Kingdom syndrome. While Nehru wanted to take credit for the Panchsheel, Zhou told Richard Nixon in 1973 that “actually, the five principles were put forward by us, and Nehru agreed. But later on he didn’t implement them”. The Chinese also entered into a similar agreement with Myanmar (then Burma) in 1954, thus ensuring that the Panchsheel wasn’t exclusive to their relationship with India.
For the Beijing event, the Chinese government has invited the president of India as well as the president of Myanmar, General Thein Sein, who will be present. Ansari will lead the Indian delegation. Without any malice towards Ansari, one would notice the downgrading of India’s participation in the Beijing event. Beijing was keen on having the president or prime minister at the event. But for once, the South Block mandarins seem to have done their homework, advising the Indian government against sending either of them. Foreign Minister Sushma Swaraj too decided to skip the event and chose to visit Dhaka around the same time, sending a rather strong signal.
If Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Chinese President Xi Jinping, who is expected to visit India in September, decide to depart from the Panchsheel framework and embark on a new relationship, both countries will benefit. Both leaders have that ability. Both enjoy the trust and confidence of their countries. Most importantly, both are seen to be out-of-the-box leaders.
India and China can cooperate with each other on the principles of sovereign equality and mutual sensitivity. China has emerged as an economic superpower, but is exposed to serious internal and external threats. It is facing problems with almost all of its 13 neighbours. The fact that China spends more money on internal security than on external security speaks volumes about its internal vulnerability. So, while India is not as big economically as China, its security apparatus is better-placed.
Modi and Xi can chart a new course in Sino-Indian relations if they are prepared to unshackle themselves from ritualism and symbolism. Both have the ability and the support to do it.
Madhav is a member of the Central Executive, RSS, and the author of ‘Uneasy Neighbours: India and China after Fifty Years of the War’
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – MAN IS A SPIRITUAL BEING: SOUL OR SPIRIT WHEN DEFINED AS THE VITAL, ANIMATING, LIFE PRINCIPLE FOUND IN ALL LIVING THINGS, ESTABLISHES THE GREAT CHAIN OF ALL LIVING BEINGS AS A CONTINUITY WHILE LIFE FORMS ARE BORN AND DIE EXPERIENCING INDIVIDUAL LIFESPANS.
In my view, Soul or Spirit is the divine attribute of a material substance that Science describes as Protoplasm, Cytoplasm, or Cytosol, the Living Matter found in all living entities.The method called scientific inquiry is limited to observations or statements that can be further verified. The reality of Soul or Spirit when defined as the vital, animating, Life principle of all living things can be verified using scientific inquiry. There is a fundamental dualism between matter and matter. A distinction can be made between living and non-living, or animate and inanimate matter. In Natural Science, matter is defined as a thing that has Mass and hence it occupies Space. While Matter has physical dimensions such as weight, and volume, it has an immaterial dimension for it has attributes such as being immutable, and imperishable. In Classical Physics, certain quantities are always conserved and the Fundamental Law of Conservation claims that Mass and Energy are neither created nor destroyed. It should not be of any surprise to note that Living Matter is associated with Soul or Spirit that is neither created nor destroyed and it is unborn. The presence of Soul or Spirit is revealed in the primary biological characteristics of living matter, material, or substance and these are the power of Nutrition, Sensibility, Consciousness, and Intelligence(the ability to acquire information, process information, use information, store information, and perform tasks that involve the use of information). We can easily make a distinction between a stone and Amoeba proteus. It is easy to understand Soul and Spirit as an operating principle that is present in all living things.
THE DUALISM OF SOUL:
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – MAN IS A SPIRITUAL BEING: THE INDIAN SCHOOL OF THOUGHT CALLED ‘DVAITA’ OR DUALISM WAS FOUNDED BY MADHVACHARYA. HE MADE THE FUNDAMENTAL DISTINCTION BETWEEN THE HUMAN SOUL AND THE DIVINE SOUL. THE PHYSICAL REALITY OF HUMAN EXISTENCE CAN BE EXPLAINED AS THE UNITY BETWEEN THE HUMAN AND THE DIVINE SOUL WHILE THEY ARE NOT IDENTICAL OR ONE AND THE SAME.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – MAN IS A SPIRITUAL BEING: Man is constituted by trillions of independent, individual, living cells and each is operated by the vital, animating, Life Principle called Soul or Spirit. However, to establish the physical reality of the Human Individual, a central, coordinating structure called the Reticular Formation of the Brain Stem, constitutes the Human Soul or Spirit.
Indian philosopher Madhvacharya made a distinction between Soul and Soul or he described the dualism of Soul. He made the distinction between the Divine Soul and the Human Soul. The physical reality of Human Existence can be explained as the Unity between the Human Soul and the Divine Soul while both may not be identical or the same. In a complex, multicellular organism like the human being, each independent living cell has the operating principle soul, and the Individual who exists because of the functions performed by the trillions of individual cells has a Human Soul or Spirit. To establish the physical reality of man’s existence, the cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems have to work together and it demands the operation of a central, coordinating, or controlling structure. In man, such a structure exists and is found in the Reticular Formation of the Brain Stem. The term Death, departure of Soul, or Spirit is medically documented as the cessation of functions of the Brain Stem and is often called Brain Death while the rest of the body will experience death as a consequence of the Brain Death.
THE STAGES OF HUMAN EXISTENCE – LIFE, DEATH, AND REBIRTH:
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – MAN IS A SPIRITUAL BEING: HUMAN BIRTH IS A DIVINE PHENOMENON. THE NEWBORN ALWAYS ARRIVES IN THE WORLD AS AN ORIGINAL, UNIQUE, DISTINCTIVE, AND ONE OF ITS OWN OBJECT WITH A GENOME THAT NEVER EXISTED IN THE PAST AND WILL NOT AGAIN EXIST IN THE FUTURE. HUMAN LIFE IS THE PHYSICAL MANIFESTATION OF A CREATIVE POWER.
While the Life of the Individual can be objectively recognized, the continuity of this Human Soul or Spirit that is involved in establishing the Life of the Individual is not amenable for proper scientific scrutiny. If this Human Soul or Spirit has independent existence of its own when not associated with its human body, or the fact of Human Soul’s independent existence cannot be observed by scientific method. It is known that everything that is born in this world arrives as a newly created object, and in case of man, the genome that defines him has not existed in the past, and will not again exist in the future. However, the genome defines the human physical form and the Human Soul or Spirit is not concerned about the human physical form. The genome or DNA has no ability to exist on its own and is never independent. The genome or DNA works if its functions are supported by the Life operating principle called Soul or Spirit that belongs to the living matter found inside the living cell. The issue of rebirth, reincarnation, transmigration of the Human Soul cannot be verified as we can only verify the presence of the Human Soul while the Individual maintains the reality of physical existence. For Science, a thing called real must have correspondence with an external fact. Man and Soul are real for they exist in relationship with each other and there is correspondence between the two. It may be claimed that the Human Soul can have existence apart from the man if it exists in relationship with another living entity like God. At that time, Human Soul and God can have correspondence and this correspondence that is not entirely based upon the presence of a living human body cannot be discovered by Science. The stories about reincarnation or rebirth, or transmigration of souls cannot be verified by Science as they do not meet the basic objective criteria to establish the truth or reality of a Human Soul having its own independent existence in the absence of a living human body.
Carolus Linnaeus also known as Carl Linnaeus, (b. May 23, 1707, d. January 10, 1778) Swedish botanist, a doctor of medicine, and explorer was the first to frame principles for defining genera and species of organisms and to create a uniform system for naming them.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE-THE ARRIVAL OF THE HUMAN SPECIES: Carolus Linnaeus. Taxonomist, was the founder of the binomial system of nomenclature and the originator of modern scientific classification of plants and animals. Taxonomy is the branch of Natural Science that deals with systematic categorization of organisms.
Linnaeus published his Systema Naturae in 1735 and Genera Plantarum in 1737. He presented and explained his classification system that was based mainly on flower parts which tend to remain unchanged from generation to generation.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE-THE ARRIVAL OF THE HUMAN SPECIES: LINNAEUS DIVIDED ORGANISMS INTO TWO KINGDOMS – 1. ANIMALIA (ANIMALS), AND 2. PLANTAE (PLANTS). THE KINGDOMS ARE DIVIDED INTO THE FOLLOWING CATEGORIES: PHYLUM OR DIVISION, CLASS, ORDER, FAMILY, GENUS, AND SPECIES USING TRAITS AND CHARACTERISTICS THAT CAN BE OBSERVED.
Linnaeus in his Systema Naturae gave a very precise description of man, placing him among the Class – Mammals, in the Order of Primates which includes the apes. Further, Linnaeus described the varieties of man such as The Asian, The African, and The European. He depended only on external characteristics to place objects into a rational set of categories. Thus Linnaeus formulated a Static Taxonomy in which Species of living things appear to be immutable in type throughout the ages. The Species, the fundamental unit of Classification, consists of populations of morphologically similar individuals that share the similar collection of characteristics whose combination is unique to the Species. In other words, Species is distinguished by its ability to maintain its stability from generation to generation. Since Species is self-perpetuating, they maintain the stability of all other groupings like the genera, phyla, and families which remain fixed from generation to generation. Apart from the observed stability of all recognized Species, the chemical molecules that are essential to compose the Living Matter, Material, or Substance called Protoplasm have always maintained their stability. For example, water molecule is the most important of all the biomolecules of Life and its chemical composition and properties are held stable over billions of years.
THE NATURAL LAW OF PROPAGATION:
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE-THE ARRIVAL OF THE HUMAN SPECIES: THE FRENCH NATURALIST GEORGES LOUIS LECLERC COMTE DE BUFFON (1707-1788) DETERMINED SPECIES NOT BY THEIR PHYSICAL APPEARANCES BUT BY THEIR REPRODUCTIVE HISTORY. IN HIS VIEW, THE APES AND OTHER ANIMALS LACK THE ABILITY TO SPEAK; “THE STYLE IS THE MAN HIMSELF.”
The French naturalist Buffon in his monumental compendium on Natural History (44 Volumes), Histoire Naturelle General et Particulière – 1749-1804), described man as a zoological species. Buffon determined species not by their physical appearances but by their reproductive history. Two individual animals or plants are of the same Species if they can produce fertile offspring. Species are known only through the history of its natural propagation. By the law of natural propagation, offspring will always be of the same species as the parent organism. A Species always breeds true. Its members always generate organisms which can be classified as belonging to the same Species, however much they vary among themselves as individuals within the group. The sub-groups, the races or varieties of Species are able to breed with one another, but diverse Species cannot interbreed. Organisms different in Species cannot reproduce productively and if crossbred, like the horse and the ass, they produce a sterile hybrid like the mule. The Natural Law of Propagation can be described as “The Law of Creation and Individuality.” Each kind of living thing always arrives as an original, distinctive, unique, and one of its own kind of object. No living thing has an independent choice of its own and there is no choice other than that of existing as a created object that can be identified as a specific individual thing with Individuality. Even with the use of the latest reproductive technology such as cloning, man cannot use the reproductive process to cause the existence of two identical living things. The term ‘Species’ must be used for purposes of ease and convenience as they are trillions of Individual living things with Individuality. In my view, the French naturalist Buffon had defined the term ‘Species’ correctly using the Natural Law of Propagation.
THE NATURAL HISTORY OF MAN:
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE-THE ARRIVAL OF THE HUMAN SPECIES: THE STUDY OF THE NATURAL HISTORY OF MAN WAS STIMULATED BY THE ENCOUNTERS WITH THE GREAT ANTHROPOID APES OF AFRICA AND ASIA.
When a man is viewed as the subject of scientific investigation, the empirical knowledge of the man is provided by observations of his structure (Human Anatomy), functions (Human Physiology), his behavior (Psychology), his culture (Anthropology), and his past (Archeology).
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE-THE ARRIVAL OF THE HUMAN SPECIES: THE DISCOVERY OF THE CHIMPANZEE AND THE ORANGUTAN (MAN OF THE WOODS IN MALAY LANGUAGE) RAISED QUESTIONS ABOUT THE STATUS OF APES AND THEIR RELATION TO MAN.SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE-THE ARRIVAL OF THE HUMAN SPECIES: DR. EDWARD TYSON, M.D., CONDUCTED STUDIES (1699) SPONSORED BY THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON TO ANALYZE IN GREAT DETAIL THE SIMILARITIES AND DISSIMILARITIES BETWEEN A CHIMPANZEE AND A MAN.
The study of the Natural History of Man was stimulated by the encounters with the great anthropoid Apes of Africa and Asia at the beginning of the 16th century. The discovery of the Chimpanzee and the Orangutan (meaning “Man of the Woods” in Malay language) raised questions about the status of Apes and their relation to Man. Dr. Edward Tyson, M.D., conducted studies (1699) sponsored by the Royal Society of London to analyze in great detail the similarities and the dissimilarities between a Chimpanzee and a man. For Tyson, the Chimpanzee was the missing link between animal and Man. But, Tyson and Darwin have no evidence to show that Chimpanzee or any other intermediate Species can actually transform its genome by gradual modification and appear in the physical world as a brand new Human Species.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE-THE ARRIVAL OF THE HUMAN SPECIES: THE GERMAN PHYSIOLOGIST, COMPARATIVE ANATOMIST, AND SCHOLAR, JOHANN FRIEDRICH BLUMENBACH (1752-1840) IS RECOGNIZED AS THE FATHER OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY. HE SHOWED THE VALUE OF COMPARATIVE ANATOMY IN THE STUDY OF MAN’S HISTORY.SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE-THE ARRIVAL OF THE HUMAN SPECIES: BLUMENBACH HAD A COLLECTION OF 60 HUMAN SKULLS AND HE PROPOSED ONE OF THE EARLIEST CLASSIFICATIONS OF THE RACES OF MANKIND USING COMPARATIVE ANATOMY.
Johann Friedrich Blumenbach is recognized as the Father of Physical Anthropology for his work De Generis Humani Varietate Nativa (1775-76). His research in the measurement of human skulls led him to divide mankind into five great families; Caucasian, Mongolian, Malayan, Ethiopian, and American. Human Species may include varieties that can be grouped into Races by using some common morphological traits.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE-THE ARRIVAL OF THE HUMAN SPECIES: Modern Facial Recognition and Identification Technology allows the identification of each member of the Human Species as a specific Individual with Individuality. Two human faces are never alike and the variation can be detected.
At the same time the present Identification Technology such as the Fingerprints, Iris Scans, Facial Recognition Technology, Skin Surface Texture Recognition Technology allows the recognition of each member of the Human Species as a specific Individual with Individuality.
THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES – THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION:
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE-THE ARRIVAL OF THE HUMAN SPECIES: CHARLES DARWIN’S ORIGIN OF SPECIES (1859) PROPOSED A MECHANISTIC, NON PURPOSIVE ACCOUNT OF EVOLUTION AS THE PRODUCT OF THE NATURAL SELECTION OF RANDOMLY PRODUCED GENETIC MUTATIONS.
Charles Darwin had no particular problem with the term ‘Species’ and in his view, Species is the term used to signify “a set of individuals closely resembling each other” – a class of plants or animals having certain characteristics. However, he wanted to seek a genealogical relationship among the various forms of life. His ideas demanded a dynamic or genealogical classification of living things. While holding that new Species originate in the course of time, Darwin formulated a view about the Origin of Species and their differentiation, and the factors or circumstances under which some life forms cease to have the status of species or become extinct. But, Darwin had not fully accounted for the reality called existence. There is no Natural Law or Principle that can fully account for the existence of Life on planet Earth.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE-THE ARRIVAL OF THE HUMAN SPECIES: THE ORIGIN OF ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMAN SPECIES HAS TO BE CAREFULLY EXAMINED TO INVESTIGATE THE DESCENT OF MODERN MAN FROM THE MEMBERS OF THE HOMINID FAMILY. IN THE GENUS CALLED HOMO, THE HUMAN SPECIES HAS ALONE SURVIVED AFTER IT EMERGED AS A BRAND NEW SPECIES THAT NEVER EXISTED BEFORE.SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE-THE ARRIVAL OF THE HUMAN SPECIES: TO EXPLAIN THE ORIGIN OF THE ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMAN SPECIES, THE HOMINID TIMELINE MUST BE STUDIED TO ASCERTAIN THE POSSIBILITY OF THE DESCENT OF MODERN MAN FROM ANY OF THE SPECIES OF THE PREHISTORIC MAN. THE ARRIVAL OF THE BRAND NEW HUMAN SPECIES IS ACCOMPANIED BY AN UNEXPLAINED LOSS OF ALL OTHER HOMINID SPECIES.SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ARRIVAL OF THE HUMAN SPECIES: DARWIN’S THEORY OF EVOLUTION HAS TO EXPLAIN THE NATURAL BASIS OR MECHANISM OF THE ORIGIN OF THE HUMAN SPECIES. DARWIN FAILED TO ACCOUNT FOR THE NATURAL CONDITIONS SUCH AS THE CLIMATE, FOOD AVAILABILITY, AND HABITAT THAT FAVOR THE EXISTENCE OF THE BRAND NEW ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMAN SPECIES WHILE OTHER MEMBERS OF THE HOMO GENUS HAD NO CHANCE TO KEEP THEIR EXISTENCESPIRITUALITY SCIENCE-THE ARRIVAL OF THE HUMAN SPECIES: THE HUMAN FAMILY COMPRISING OF DIFFERENT SPECIES MUST BE STUDIED TO KNOW IF RANDOM, UNGUIDED, PURPOSELESS MUTATIONS OR CHANGES IN GENES CAN BRING ABOUT THE SPECIFIC CHANGES THAT ESTABLISH THE MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATIONS THAT ARE OBSERVED. IF THE NATURAL CLIMATIC CONDITIONS AND OTHER FACTORS CAN SUPPORT THE EXISTENCE OF THE ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMAN SPECIES, IT MUST BE EXPLAINED AS THE CAUSE OF THE EXTINCTION OF ALL OTHER SPECIES OF THE HOMO GENUS.
Evolutionary Biology describes Man as a direct descendant of nonhuman Primates. From the interpretation of fossils have arisen concepts of mutation (the process by which the genetic material of a cell is altered), transformism (the theory that one Species is changed into another) and Evolution through mechanistic, unguided, purposeless and random events. At a fundamental level, The Great Chain of Living Beings has to be explained as a Continuity while the individual Species of Living Beings arrive as a sequence of discrete, creative steps. The precise physical form of Man as a special form or as a Human Species has to be explained by describing the role of natural factors and natural conditions of climate or environment that may determine the actual characteristics of a given Species. The morphological variations among the various members of the Homo Genus have to be related to the variations in diet, physical activity, and physical climatic conditions and the observed variations must explain the reproductive success or failure of the Species. In my view, the substance or material called the Living Matter has always existed with the same chemical composition resisting any influence of changing Time. The forms assumed by the Living Matter have always varied to demonstrate the operation of a creative mechanism that maintains the stability of each Species while generating variations among members of the same Species and between different Species. I would further seek to explain the arrival of the Human Species as a Creative Event as other member Species of the Genus Homo disappeared simultaneously without any specific contribution made by the Nature or the natural living conditions that prevail on planet Earth.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE STATUS OF MAN IN NATURE:
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE STATUS OF MAN IN NATURE: The Grasping ability of Hand can perform two functions; 1. The Power Grip, and 2. The Precision Grip. The image shows the anatomy of the distal phalanx and its relationship with soft structures that are related to refined manipulation of tools or objects held by the Grip. It can provide evidence to make the distinction between a human artist and a nonhuman artist.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE STATUS OF MAN IN NATURE: Human Hand has Grasping ability and it provides two kinds of Grip; 1. The Power Grip, and 2. The Precision Grip. Each human being can be identified as a specific Individual by gathering evidence from the use of the Precision Grip.
The term ‘man’ has been loosely applied to describe a variety of animal species that belong to Family Hominidae. To understand the status of man in nature, it would be helpful to make the distinctions between the Paleolithic, Archaic, or Ancient Man and Modern Man. Since the term ‘Man’ may cause confusion, a distinction between ‘Man’ and ‘Human’ is all the more important. The Hominids belong to Class-Mammals, Order-Primates, Suborder – Anthropoidea, Superfamily – Hominoidea, Family – Hominidae, Subfamily – Homininae which includes the Genus-Homo and species such as sapiens, erectus, habilis, and etc., The members of Hominidae Family show a unique specialization of the lower limb, the pelvis and leg to provide support bipedal propulsion of the body in the erect position or vertical gait. In Primates such as the apes and monkeys, the feet and toes have the characteristic called prehensility and the Hominids have lost that characteristic. The Hominids have a large and complicated brain, the visual sense is better developed with a corresponding reduction of the sense of smell. The hand with flattened nails and the true opposability of the thumb can perform two types of grasping function called, 1. The Power Grip and 2. The Precision Grip. The Hominid Family members have intensified mother-offspring relationship due to prolonged infant dependency. While the Hominid brain shows both qualitative and quantitative development, there are significant differences in the areas of the brain concerned with vision, muscular coordination, memory, learning, and communication. Hominids such as the Rhodesian Man and the Cro-Magnon Man had large skulls and their brains were larger as compared to that of Modern Man. The Hominid Family members share important skeletal features and similarities and yet the same time, the size and shape of the skull can be used to make distinctions between the various species. Similarly, while the skeletal features that contribute to the ability called ‘Precision Grip’ are common, in the use of this Grip each member demonstrates an originality with which the member can be identified as a specific Individual with Individuality.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE STATUS OF MAN IN NATURE: While the Modern Man(Homo sapiens sapiens) and Paleolithic Man( Homo sapiens neanderthalis) NEANDERTHAL have similar skeletal features that contribute to the functional ability called the ‘Precision Grip’, the distinction between the two can be easily made when they perform functions making use of that Grip. A human artist can be distinguished from a Neanderthal artist.
THE CRO-MAGNON MAN AND THE MODERN MAN:
The Cro-Magnon Man is often described as Prehistoric Man or Early Man who lived 40,000 to 35,000 years ago. The Cro-Magnon is not a species or subspecies and as such is included in the Homo sapiens sapiens species. However, there are some important differences between the two. The Cro-Magnon Man lived during European Upper Paleolithic Period and the fossil remains were discovered in 1868 in the big cave in Occitan, Southwestern France. During the Upper Paleolithic Period, there is evidence of communal hunting, man-made shelters, rock carvings and paintings and primitive belief systems like Magic and the Supernatural. The Cro-Magnon Man was about 6 feet(180 centimetres) tall, had a high forehead, short, wide face, prominent chin and a brain capacity of 1600 cubic centimetres, larger than the average for Modern Man which is about 1,350 cubic centimetres. He had used flint and bone tools and designed shell and ivory jewelery.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE STATUS OF MAN: THE CRO-MAGNON MAN IS DESCRIBED AS PREHISTORIC MAN. HIS SKULL IS LARGER AND LESS ROUNDED IN SHAPE AS COMPARED TO THE SKULL OF MODERN MAN. THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN MAN AND HUMAN CAN BE MADE USING THE EVIDENCE GENERATED BY THE USE OF THE PRECISION GRIP.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE STATUS OF MAN: THE CRO_MAGNON MAN IS DESCRIBED AS EARLY MAN AND HIS SKULL BONES COULD BE EASILY DISTINGUISHED FROM THOSE OF MODERN MAN. APART FROM THE SIZE AND SHAPE OF THE SKULL, THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN HUMAN BRAIN AND CRO-MAGNON’S BRAIN CAN BE MADE BY COMPARING THE ARTISTIC WORKS OF BOTH.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE STATUS OF MAN: THE SKULL OF MODERN MAN IS DIFFERENT IN ITS APPEARANCE AS COMPARED TO THE SKULL OF THE CRO-MAGNON MAN. THE SCIENCE OF FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY HELPS TO ESTABLISH THE IDENTITY OF THE HUMAN INDIVIDUAL WITH VERY HIGH SPECIFICITY USING SEVERAL IDENTIFICATION MARKINGS OF THE SKULL AND FACIAL BONES.
THE EVIDENCE OF PRECISION GRIP: MAN vs HUMAN
The Cro-Magnon Man had perished and fortunately we have evidence in the form of Prehistoric Art which includes sophisticated polychrome paintings of exquisite design. Magnificent cave paintings were discovered in Southwestern France and Northern Spain.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE STATUS OF MAN: THE EVIDENCE OF PRECISION GRIP. LASCAUX CAVE PAINTINGS. Belong to the Aurignacio-Perigordian Period, c. 14,000-c. 13,500 B.C. This artist has not provided sufficient evidence to know the artist as a ‘Human’ artist. The object depicted had existed in the physical environment that was experienced by the artist.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE STATUS OF MAN: THE EVIDENCE OF PRECISION GRIP. MURALS AT ROUFFIGNAC – THE SOLUTREO-MAGDALENIAN PERIOD, c. 14,000-c. 9500 B.C. THIS ARTIST WAS NOT A HUMAN ARTIST AS THE OBJECTS DESCRIBED COULD BE FOUND IN THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT DIRECTLY EXPERIENCED BY THE ARTIST.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE STATUS OF MAN: THE EVIDENCE OF PRECISION GRIP. NIAUX CAVE PAINTINGS, c.14,000-c. 9500 B.C., THE SOLUTREO – MAGDALENIAN PERIOD. THIS ARTIST HAD NOT DEMONSTRATED THE POTENTIAL ABILITY TO MAKE A DRAWING OF AN OBJECT THAT WAS NOT DIRECTLY EXPERIENCED. THESE ANIMALS WERE FOUND IN THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT EXPERIENCED BY THE ARTIST.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE STATUS OF MAN: THE EVIDENCE OF PRECISION GRIP. CAVE PAINTINGS OF ALTAMIRA, SPAIN, c. 14,000-c. 9500 B.C. THE USE OF THE PRECISION GRIP IS DEMONSTRATED BY THIS ARTISTIC DRAWING. BUT, THE ARTIST WAS NOT A HUMAN ARTIST WHO HAS THE POTENTIAL ABILITY TO DESCRIBE OBJECTS FOR WHICH THERE COULD BE NO PHYSICAL BASIS.
The painting of pictures on the walls of caves or on the rocks is a definitive evidence of the use of the Precision Grip and yet it does not constitute the evidence for the specific human ability and characteristic called Writing. The purpose of Writing is not simply about communication using written shapes or signs. It requires the development of specific areas of the brain that are associated with human speech. For example, Broca’s area produces verbs, builds sentences, and predicts what people are going to say. The brain area called Wernicke’s Area attaches meanings, images and feelings to sounds and to individual words. Human Speech and Writing has a spiritual attribute with which it can transcend the limitations set by natural boundaries and it extends across the barriers of Time when the thoughts of the dead and the living reach those as yet unborn. A Human Artist has the potential ability to draw and depict objects for which there could be no physical basis in the environment directly experienced by that Artist.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE STATUS OF MAN: THE EVIDENCE OF PRECISION GRIP CANNOT PROVIDE CONCLUSIVE EVIDENCE OF THE PURELY HUMAN ABILITY CALLED WRITING. THE CRO-MAGNON MAN HAD APPARENTLY NOT DEVELOPED THE SPECIAL AREAS OF THE BRAIN THAT ARE IMPORTANT FOR HUMAN SPEECH AND WRITING. THE CHIEF AMONG THE BRAIN AREAS OF SPEECH IS BROCA’S AREA – BRAIN’S SPEECH CENTER.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE STATUS OF MAN: THE HANDAXES OF PALEOLITHIC PERIOD. HAND AX APPEARED ABOUT 700,000 YEARS AGO. THE USE OF AX DESCRIBES THE POWER GRIP, THE GRASPING ABILITY OF HAND. BOTH HUMANS AND THE PREHISTORIC MAN SHARE THIS CHARACTERISTIC GRASPING ABILITY.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE STATUS OF MAN: THE MESOLITHIC PERIOD(c. 10,000-c. 8000 B.C.) KUNDA TOOLS FOUND IN ESTONIA. THE TYPES OF TOOLS USED GENERALLY HELP US TO KNOW THE ABILITY CALLED DEXTERITY OR THE ABILITY TO MANIPULATE OBJECTS HELD BY THE HAND.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE STATUS OF MAN: THE NEOLITHIC PERIOD(c. 8000-c. 3500 B.C.) IS CHARACTERIZED BY POLISHED STONE TOOLS APART FROM POTTERY. THE EVIDENCE FOR A HUMAN ARTIST EMERGES FROM THE DESIGNING OR CRAFTING OF THE TOOLS.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE STATUS OF MAN: THE NEOLITHIC PERIOD SHOWS THE DEVELOPMENT AND SPREAD OF MODERN HUMAN CULTURE APART FROM THE INTRODUCTION OF A VARIETY OF TOOLS BEFORE THE BEGINNING OF BRONZE AGE(c.3500-1000 B.C.) ANIMALS CAN BE TRAINED TO USE TOOLS CRAFTED BY MAN. BUT A HUMAN ARTIST INVENTS TOOLS FOR A PURPOSE HE DISCOVERS USING THE POWER OF IMAGINATION.
It is important to make the distinction between the Prehistoric Man and the Modern Man to determine the Status of Man in Nature. The evidence for the Modern Man’s arrival on planet Earth begins in the Mesolithic Period or the Middle Stone Age at the end of the last glacial era, about 10,000 years ago. The Neolithic Period or the New Stone Age is the Old World Cultural Period(c. 8000-c. 3500 B.C.) which is characterized by polished stone tools, pottery, weaving, stock rearing, agriculture, megaliths like the Stonehenge and the first known human writing dates from 6000 B.C.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE STATUS OF MAN: THE EVIDENCE OF PRECISION GRIP. MICHELANGELO BUONARROTI(1475-1564), ITALIAN SCULPTOR AND PAINTER WORKED ON THE CEILING OF THE SISTINE CHAPEL FROM 1508 TO 1512 TO CREATE THIS VISION OF PRIMORDIAL HUMANITY FOR WHICH THERE IS NO PHYSICAL BASIS IN THE ENVIRONMENT OF HIS LIFETIME. THIS IS THE EVIDENCE FOR A HUMAN ARTIST. IT DEMONSTRATES THE USE OF PRECISION GRIP, THE HUMAN HAND THAT GRASPED THE PAINTING BRUSH THAT CAN DRAW OBJECTS WITHOUT DIRECT EXPERIENCE OF SUCH OBJECTS.
Among animal species, only ‘Humans’ have the spiritual ability to communicate or describe things that may not exist in their immediate, physical environment. A Human Artist has the potential ability to write or depict objects for which there is no direct sensory experience. To make the distinction between the Prehistoric Man and the Modern Man, to discern the difference between Paleolithic Art and Human Art, I want to suggest that only a Human Artist has the potential, spiritual ability to draw and depict objects for which there could be no basis in the physical environment directly experienced by the Artist. To make the equation between Man and Human and to determine the Status of Man in Nature, the use of the Precision Grip provides decisive evidence.
SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE – THE OFFICIAL SECRETS ACT: INDIA’S NATIONAL EMBLEM PROCLAIMS THE OFFICIAL MOTTO OF INDIA, “SATYAMEV JAYATE,” TRUTH ALONE TRIUMPHS. I SHALL TRUTHFULLY SUPPORT INDIA’S RELATIONS WITH FOREIGN STATES.OPERATION EAGLE – OPEN LETTER TO GOVERNMENT OF INDIA – BANGLADESH OPs – RELEASE 1971 WAR SERVICE CITATION. PRIME MINISTER OF INDIA’S OFFICE(PMO), SOUTH BLOCK, RAISINA HILL, NEW DELHI. OPERATION EAGLE – OPEN LETTER TO SHRI. NARENDRA DAMODARDAS MODI, THE 15th PRIME MINISTER OF INDIA. BANGLADESH OPs – RELEASE 1971 WAR SERVICE CITATION.OPERATION EAGLE – OPEN LETTER TO GOVERNMENT OF INDIA. SHRI. NARENDRA DAMODARDAS MODI IS DULY APPOINTED AS THE 15th PRIME MINISTER OF INDIA ON MAY 26, 2014. BANGLADESH OPs – RELEASE 1971 WAR SERVICE CITATION.
SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE-OPERATION EAGLE-1971 BANGLADESH OPs-GALLANTRY AWARD:
OPERATION EAGLE IS THE CODE NAME FOR MILITARY ACTION THAT INITIATED LIBERATION OF BANGLADESH ON NOVEMBER 03, 1971 WITH STRIKES ON THE ENEMY MILITARY POSTS IN CHITTAGONG HILL TRACTS. RELEASE 1971 WAR SERVICE CITATION.
May 28, 2014
From:
Personal Number. MR-03277K, Rank. Major, AMC/DPC,
Rudra Narasimham, Rebbapragada, B.Sc., M.B.B.S.,
2011 South Huron Parkway, Apartment #11,
Ann Arbor, MI 48104-4162
United States of America.
To:
Shri. Narendra Damodardas Modi,
Honourable Prime Minister of India,
The Prime Minister’s Office(PMO),
South Block, Raisina Hill,
New Delhi – 110 101.
Subject:- Operation Eagle – Military Operation in Chittagong Hill Tracts – India-Pakistan War of 1971 – “The Past is Never Dead.” – Regarding.
Reference:- Government of India Ministry of Defence Letter No. 3533/2009/D( Cer ) dated 2nd/3rd December, 2009. A photo image of this letter provides easy reference.
Operation Eagle – Military Operation in Chittagong Hill Tracts in 1971 -“The Past is Never Dead.” I am asking release of 1971 War Service Citation to get due recognition as per Battle Plan approved by the Prime Minister of India.
Honorable Prime Minister of India,
1. Using the famous words of Nobel Laureate William Faulkner, I would submit to you, “The Past is Never Dead… It’s not even Past.”
2. I, R. Rudra Narasimham, also known as, Personal Number. MS-8466, Rank. Captain, R. R. Narasimham, AMC/SSC was posted to Headquarters Establishment No. 22 C/O 56 APO ( Est No. 22 ) as Medical Officer with effect from 22 September 1971.
3. At Est No. 22, I was issued written orders to take part in military Operation Eagle (Op Eagle). This Battle Plan was approved by Prime Minister Mrs. Indira Gandhi. In other words, Op Eagle derived legal authority for it was duly sanctioned by Government of India. I acted in obedience to the orders issued by my immediate superior Officers as the military plan is sanctioned by Cabinet Secretariat, Government of India. Kindly ask me if I have to provide any other information about Op Eagle and its legal status as an Official act of War.
4. The Op Eagle battle plan included the use of helicopter flights from India for airlifting of battle casualties from the Chittagong Hill Tracts to Field Hospital, Lungleh, Mizoram.
5. For the conduct of military operations, I was posted to the ‘South Column’ Unit commanded by Lieutenant Colonel B K Narayan. Under his Command, my Unit penetrated enemy territory. We launched an offensive attack on entrenched enemy post at about 40 miles distance from a Border Security Force Post in Indian territory. As the Unit Medical Officer, my duties and responsibilities were that of treating and holding battle casualties at my Unit location in the Chittagong Hill Tracts. The Force Headquarters of Op Eagle was assigned the duty and the responsibility of evacuation of battle casualties from Unit location to Field Hospital.
6. During the initial phase of Op Eagle, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi withheld her permission for the use of helicopter flight from India to the Unit’s battlefield location in the Chittagong Hill Tracts.
7. Apart from helicopter flight, Brigadier T S Oberoi, Brigade Commander at the Force Headquarters, Op Eagle had no alternate or contingency plan for immediate and safe evacuation of battle casualties from the Chittagong Hill Tracts to Field Hospital. Lack of planned airlift support imposed sudden, unexpected challenge. I accepted this challenge and went beyond the call of my duty and executed difficult task of this casualty evacuation after we seized enemy position in a fierce battle.
8. Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, when briefed about this battle casualty evacuation problem, gave permission for helicopter flights from India to the Chittagong Hill Tracts on Day 5 of Op Eagle after I successfully completed my task.
9. My actions to perform the Medical Officer duties during Op Eagle clearly show that I took initiative to respond in a timely manner at a critical juncture, went Beyond the Call of Duty, and performed my tasks without any sense of fear and without concern for my personal safety inside enemy territory where we faced the threat of enemy retaliation and the threat posed by Mizo rebels who operated on both sides of India-Pakistan border. To put this in proper perspective, I have to mention that this battle casualty evacuation on Day 3/4 involved a physically challenging march of over 80 miles within 24 hours across remote, roadless, hilly, forest terrain. Kindly let me know if any other Army Medical Corps Officer performed a similar task during Indian Army military operations. For the first time in the history of Indian Army Medical Corps, I provided medical care and comfort as a Medical Officer, in addition, I performed the nursing duties which are expected of AMC Nursing Assistant and Ambulance Assistant during battle casualty evacuation. As my Unit was still engaged in defending the just captured enemy post, the AMC Nursing Assistants remained on their duty and could not be spared for battle casualty evacuation.
10. My Unit Commander, Lieutenant Colonel B K Narayan initiated a citation that recommended grant of Gallantry Award – “Vir Chakra” to recognize my gallant action deep inside the enemy territory; the citation was approved and recommended by Brigade Commander, Brigadier T S Oberoi, and by Formation Commander, Major General Sujan Singh Uban, Inspector General of Special Frontier Force.
11. Kindly direct the Under Secretary ( Cer ), Ministry of Defence to publicly release this citation recommending Gallantry Award during my 1971 War Service.
Thanking You,
Yours Faithfully,
R. Rudra Narasimham, B.Sc., M.B.B.S.,
SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE-ESTABLISHMENT No. 22-VIKAS REGIMENT
Operation Eagle – Gallantry Award: Flight Lieutenant Parvez Rustom Jamasji, Indian Air Force Helicopter Pilot provided airlift to the battle casualties in the conduct of Operation Eagle, Bangladesh Ops in the Chittagong Hill Tracts.Operation Eagle – Gallantry Award: Service Number IC-22805 Major Survendra Singh Negi, The Grenadiers, served as a Company Commander, South Column, Operation Eagle, Bangladesh Ops, the Chittagong Hill Tracts.This letter sent from Office of Inspector General Special Frontier Force to the Military Secretary’s Branch contains written evidence about the citattion initiated by Lieutnant Colonel B K Narayan, Commander South Column Unit, Operation Eagle.A Personal Tribute to Colonel B K Narayan, The Regiment of Artillery, Indian Army.
A Sermon in Kaptai, Bangladesh Ops 1971-72. A personal tribute to Colonel B K Narayan, Islamic Scholar who served in Olive Green Uniform. The Imam of Friday Prayer in Kaptai on December 17, 1971: Glorious Quran, Surah VIII, SPOILS OF WAR, Verse 01: “And if they incline to peace, incline thou also to it, and trust in Allah.Lo! He is the Hearer, the Knower.”Special Frontier Force-Establishment No. 22-Operation Eagle:. In 1971, Special Frontier Force initiated Liberation of Bangladesh with military action in the Chittagong Hill Tracts with Battle Plan Code-named Operation Eagle. This Operation is not governed by Army Act 1950.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF MAN: In Indian tradition, Goddess Sarasvati personifies human intellectual abilities like Language, Arts, and Music. She is the Goddess of Speech, Pure Knowledge and of Perfect Wisdom. In Indian Culture, human learning commences after seeking Her Blessings for the fulfilment of human desire to acquire Knowledge and Wisdom. This article is dedicated to Goddess Sarasvati as I recognize Human Speech and Language have spiritual characteristics.
The problem of the origin of man is connected with the problem of the origin of Language. The Theory of Evolution proposed by Charles Darwin believes that man has descended from other forms of life such as apes. It must be noted that Language is one of the principal characteristics of the specifically human world. Human Speech, both spoken and written is the criteria by which we can recognize the difference that exists between man and other species. Language is the means by which human beings communicate as members of a social group and as participants in its Culture. Language is the peculiar possession of human beings. No other species has conventionalized its cries and utterances to constitute a systematic symbolism in the same manner as human Language. Man may be described as the talking and writing animal.
Language represents a complex series of events. These events are on many planes of experience; 1. Physical, that involves the ability to generate sound waves, the propagation of sound waves, and the reception of sound waves or the perception called hearing. The physical capacity for the use of Language requires the physical capacity called ‘Precision Grip’ which gives the ability to write using a writing instrument, 2. Chemical, that involves body chemistry and its ability to generate the energy needed for performing the functions associated with the use of Language, 3. Physiological, that involves the transmission of nerve impulses and the movements of muscles used in speech or writing, 4. Psychological, that involves a generation of thoughts and feelings and the reaction to such stimuli, 5. Cultural, that pertains to the situation of the speaker or writer in respect to the cultural system of his society, 6. Linguistic, that involves the specific Language that is spoken or used for communication, and 7. Semantics, that involves the ability to convey and grasp the meaning of the Language used in communication.
The Tower of Babel – The Confusion of Tongues:
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF MAN – THE ORIGIN OF LANGUAGE: The Old Testament Book of GENESIS describes the origin of man and describes as to why men may not understand one another’s speech. Human species are constituted as a single species and yet it displays an amazing varieties of tongues that they use for speech and writing.
If human beings constitute members of a single species which share certain common characteristics of both anatomical structures and physiological functions, Language must be the same for all the members of this given species. Like human society, human Language seem to be partly natural, and partly conventional. All conventional languages have certain features of structure which indicate their natural basis in the physical and mental constitution of man. All conventional languages have a common, natural basis, and the confusion of tongues is explained in Bible. The Old Testament Book of Genesis, Chapter 11, verses 1-9 tells us that “The whole earth was of one language and one speech,” but at the time when men began to build ” a tower whose top may reach into heaven,” the LORD said, ” Behold, the people is one, and they all have one language; and this they begin to do and now nothing will be restrained from them, which they have imagined to do. Go to, let us go down, and there confound their language, that they may not understand one another’s speech.” At the Tower of Babel (“The Gate of God”), the structure that was built-in the plain of Shinar, by the hand of God every man was stricken for his rebellion, with an oblivion of his former language. God frustrated human plans by confusing their Language and scattered them over all the earth.
The Art and the History of Writing:
Writing is the visible recording of Language that is peculiar to the human species. Writing is not the mere transmission of ideas for it uses a medium that can be used as a historical record. The first known writing dates from 6,000 B.C. Ancient languages like Sanskrit developed alphabet where one letter symbolizes one phoneme or a significant sound. The major non-alphabetic forms of writing are Chinese, in which each character represents a word or concept, and Japanese, in which each character represents a syllable. It appears that writing arose independently in different parts of the world.
Seven original systems of writing that can be recognized are, 1. Sumerian in Mesopotamia, 3100 B.C. to A.D. 75, 2. Proto-Elamite in Elam, 3000 B.C. to A.D. 400, 3. Egyptian in Egypt, 3000 B.C. to A.D. 400, 4. Proto-Indic in the Indus Valley around 2200 B.C., 5. Cretan in Crete and Greece, 2000 to 1200 B.C., 6. Chinese in China, 1300 B.C. to the present, and 7. Hittite in Anatolia and Syria, 1500 B.C. to 700 B.C. The original, ideographic, writing system of Maya tribes of Central America developed independently in their Pre-Classic Period (1500 B.C. ? – A.D. 300).
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF MAN – THE ORIGIN OF LANGUAGE: The Cuneiform(Latin=Wedge-shaped) system of writing developed before the last centuries of the 4th millennium B.C. in the lower Tigris and Euphrates Valley by the Sumerians.SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF MAN – THE ORIGIN OF LANGUAGE: The Proto-Elamite writing system found in Elam, 3000B.C.SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF MAN – THE ORIGIN OF LANGUAGE: Egyptian Hieroglyphic(Greek=Priestly writing) type of writing were already perfected in the first dynasty 3110 – 2884 B.C.SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF MAN – THE ORIGIN OF LANGUAGE: Proto-Indic in the Indus Valley, c. 2500 – c. 1500 B.C. flourished along the Indus River.SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF MAN – THE ORIGIN OF LANGUAGE: The chief cities of Indus Valley Civilization were Mohenjo-Daro, and Harappa. People had used copper, bronze, and pottery. They used a pictograph script.SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF MAN – THE ORIGIN OF LANGUAGE: Phaistos Disk, Crete, Greece. Minoan Seal Stones.SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF MAN – THE ORIGIN OF LANGUAGE: Hittite of Anatolia and Syria had used a cuneiform writing style, 1500 B.C. to 700 B.C.SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF MAN – THE ORIGIN OF LANGUAGE:: Chinese characters can be traced to 4000 B.C. signs. Bronze Age China, Shang dynasty, Oracle Bone Script.SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF MAN – THE ORIGIN OF LANGUAGE: Maya tribes of Central America developed an original, ideographic system of writing with which they recorded chronology, astronomy, history, and religion.SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE ORIGIN OF MAN – THE ORIGIN OF LANGUAGE: The first alphabetic system of writing was developed by the Greeks
Writing serves the purpose of communication and the written shapes become signs for elements of linguistic value. However, it must be noted that painting pictures on the walls of caves or on the rocks may not fall in the category of writing. Aristotle says that man is the only animal whom nature “has endowed with the gift of speech.” The origin of human Speech cannot be explained in evolutionary terms. Human Speech is a creative phenomenon and it uses a creative mechanism to generate variations while the humans are endowed with the same kind of gift. Human Language is the instrument by which the thoughts of men’s minds are conveyed from one to another. Language expresses thought, diverse languages are different mediums of the same thing. Aristotle declares, “All men may not have the same speech sounds, but the mental experiences which these directly symbolize, are the same for all.” The human community when conceived in terms of the communication of thought is not limited by political boundaries. Man overcomes the barriers set up by a diversity of tongues by using a tool called translation.
Human Language has the Spiritual attribute called Immortality for it includes the thoughts shared by the living and the dead and extends to those as yet unborn. Human Civilization can be described as the Civilization of Dialogue and the conversation continues from one generation to the next as if man is not a perishable creature. Plato observes, “thought and speech are the same, with this exception, that which is called thought is the unuttered conversation of the Soul with itself.”
Whole Dude - Whole Spirituality 