Whole Dude – Whole Spirituality – Page 14 – Whole Spirituality describes the Unity of God, Soul, and Matter using a Ground Substance of Spiritual Nature.

The Concept of Last Universal Common Ancestor

The Spiritual Beginning of Life on Earth

SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE - CONCEPT OF LAST UNIVERSAL COMMON ANCESTOR (LUCA). — **SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – CONCEPT OF LAST UNIVERSAL COMMON ANCESTOR (LUCA).**

I use the term ‘Spiritual’ to describe relationships between entities based upon shared values, feelings, thoughts, interests, and purposes. A Living Cell is the Building Block of Life. Its primary purpose in Life is Generation and Propagation of entities of its own kind to sustain its existence. To perform such living functions, Cell requires energy input from its external environment. The Spiritual Dimension of Living Cell involves its ability to acquire energy from an external source. In Physiology, the term Nutrition describes the Power of Living Cell to attract matter (or energy yielding molecules) from its external environment. The issue that concerns me is that of the Origin or Beginning of this Power of Nutrition.

The Concept of Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA) proposes random, unguided, purposeless events causing the generation of goal-oriented mechanisms to establish a relationship, partnership, association, bonding, or cooperation between energy yielding molecules of Nonliving Matter and energy demanding molecules of Living Matter. The Concept of LUCA is associated with the hypothesis of a “Leaky” Cell Membrane which is not consistent with the twenty known functions of the Cell Membrane which I listed below the review.

Four Billion-Year-Old Mystery of Last Universal Common Ancestor Solved

**Spirituality Science – Concept of the Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA). The Beginning or Origin of Life near Deep Sea Hydrothermal Vents.**

**Spirituality Science – Concept of the Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA). Origin of Power of NUTRITION. Development of Cell Membrane.**

By Hannah Osborne August 12, 2014

Last common ancestor of life on Earth came from ancient oceans. DJ /Fotolia A four-billion-year-old mystery surrounding the one common ancestor of all life on Earth has been solved by scientists.

All life evolved from a single-celled organism known as life’s Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA). However, few details are known about what it looked like, how it lived and how it evolved.

Now scientists at University College London (UCL) have discovered that LUCA had a “leaky membrane” which allow it to absorb energy from light, while still holding the other components necessary for life inside it.

Researchers discovered this by modeling how the LUCA’s membrane changed to enable its descendants to move to more challenging environments, and eventually evolve into two distinct types of single-celled organisms: bacteria and archaea.

Data suggests LUCA lived in ancient seawater where liquid dense with protons (sub-atomic particles positively charged with electricity) mixed with warm alkaline fluid from vents which had fewer protons.
The difference in concentrations allowed protons to flow into the cell, which led to the production of a molecule called ATP. This transfers energy through a cell, powering its growth.

Ion pumping (which enables cells to store energy) and phospholipid membranes (cell walls made of fat cells) evolved independently in archaea and bacteria. However, experts say this could only have happened if the membrane was ‘leaky’ – in that it allowed protons to leave the cell spontaneously, so more could enter to boost growth.

The study’s leader Nick Lane said: “In these deep-sea vents, there is a continuous flow of alkaline fluids which mix with the ocean waters. When they mix, the fluids neutralize each other, and that stops any build-up of charge which would otherwise prevent protons flowing into the cell.

“If the first cells had leaky membranes, then protons could enter and then be neutralized, or leave again, almost as if there was no barrier at all. What we’ve shown is that the rate at which protons enter and leave is high enough to power the growth of cells via proteins embedded in the membrane.

“So LUCA could have been powered by natural proton gradients in vents, but only if it had a really leaky membrane, completely unlike today’s cells.”

Victor Sojo, the first author of the study, said: “Exploiting gradients is universal across all life, but understanding how LUCA used one to drive growth gave us a bit of a chicken-and-egg problem: LUCA wouldn’t make a gradient if it didn’t know how to exploit it, but how could it learn how to exploit a gradient if it didn’t make one in the first place? We propose that natural proton gradients provide a solution because LUCA didn’t have to make the gradient; it was already there for free.”

The study was published in the journal PLoS Biology

Spirituality Science - Concept of Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA) and Tree of Life. — **Spirituality Science – Concept of Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA) and Tree of Life.**

The Inheritance of Cytoplasmic Membrane or Cell or Plasma Membrane

God created Cytoplasm or Protoplasm as the Ground Substance of Spirituality. Living cells have a corporeal substance called Protoplasm that has the ability of Spiritual Biotic Interactions. The Biological Membrane or Cell Membrane separates the cell from its environment and other living cells present in the environment. Cells use unique proteins, biological molecules and receptor sites to recognize the other living cells and use chemical signals to facilitate the interactions. Such interactions between living cells have the characteristics of consciousness or awareness.

God created Cytoplasm or Protoplasm as the Ground Substance of Spirituality. Cytoplasmic Membrane or Cell Membrane is an integral feature of Cytoplasm, a limiting membrane devised by Cytoplasm to create boundaries to perform its numerous living functions.

The Functions of Cytoplasmic Membrane or Cell Membrane or Biological Membrane:

1. Protection: It protects the cell from its surroundings or extracellular environment. Plant cell possess wall over the plasma membrane for extra protection and support.

2. Holding cell contents: Plasma membranes hold the semi fluid protoplasmic contents of the cell intact; thus keeping the individuality of the cell.

3. Selective Permeability: Cell membrane allows only selected or specific substances to enter into the cell and are impermeable to others.

Gases like O₂ and CO₂ can diffuse rapidly in solution through membranes.
Small compounds like H2O and methane can easily pass through where as sugars, amino acids and charged ions are transported with the help of transport proteins.
The size of the molecules which can pass through the plasma membrane is 1-15 A⁰. This property is responsible for keeping a cell ‘as a cell’, an individual unit.

4. Shape: It maintains form and shape of the cell. It serves as site of anchorage or attachment of the cytoskeleton; thus providing shape to the cell (especially in animal cells without cell wall).

5. Organelles: Cell membrane delimits or covers all sub-cellular structures or organelles like nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, microbodies etc. thus protecting them form the surroundings and also helps in maintaining a constant internal environment.

6. Compartmentalization: Cell membrane separate the cells from their external environment and cell organelle from cytosol. It help the cells and their organelles to have their own micro environments, structural and functional individuality.

7. Cell Recognition: With the help of glycolipids and glycoproteins on its surface, cell membranes are able to differentiate similar cells from dissimilar ones, foreign substances and cells own materials. Cell recognition is useful for tissue formation and defence against microbes.

8. Antigens: Cell membranes possess antigens which determine blood grouping, immune response, acceptance or rejection of a transplant (graft rejection by MHC’s on plasma membrane).

9. Microvilli: They are microscopic finger like projections of plasma membrane present on some cells like intestinal epithelial cells, which are involved in a wide variety of functions, including increasing surface area for absorption, secretion, cellular adhesion etc.

10. Sheaths of cilia and flagella: Cilia and flagella are projections from the cell; made up of microtubules which are covered by an extension of the plasma membrane.

11. Cytoplasmic bridges in plasmodesmata and gap junctions: Plasmodesmata in plant cells and gap junctions in animal cells; meant for intercellular transport and communication, form cytoplasmic bridges between adjacent cells through plasma membrane.

12. Endocytosis and Exocytosis: Bulk intake of materials or endocytosis occurs through development of membrane vesicles or invagination and engulfing by plasma membrane.

Exocytosis: It is reverse of endocytosis that provides for releasing waste products and secretory materials ot of the cells with the help of plasma membrane.

13. Impulse transmission in neurons: The transmission of a nerve impulse along a neuron from one end to the other occurs as a result of electrical changes across the plasma membrane of the neuron

14. Cell metabolism: Cell membranes control cell metabolism through selective permeability and retentivity of substances in a cell.

15. Electron transport chain in bacteria: In bacteria; Electron transport chain is located in cell membrane.

16. Osmosis through cell membrane: It is movement of solvent molecules (generally water) from the region of less concentrated solution to the region of high concentrated solution through a semi permeable membrane. Here the semi permeable membrane that helps in osmosis is the cell membrane. Eg: Root cells take up water from the soil by osmosis

17. Carrier proteins for active transport: They occur in the cell membranes and control active transport of substances. Example, GLUT1 is a named carrier protein found in almost all animal cell membranes that transports glucose across the bilayer or plasma membrane.

18. Plasma Membrane enzymes: Many enzymes are present on the plasma membrane with wide variety of catalytic activity. Example: Red blood cell plasma membranes contain a number of enzymes such as ATPases, anion transport protein, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, protein kinases, adenylate cyclase, acetylcholinesterase.

19. Cell Membrane Receptors: Receptor on the plasma membrane performs signal transduction, converting an extracellular signal into an intra-cellular signal. Membrane possess receptors for hormones, neurotransmitters, antibodies and several other biochemicals.

20. Plasma membrane assisted Cell movements: Undulation and pseudopodia are cell membrane phenomenon involved in cell movement. Amoeba, macrophages and WBCs move with the helps of temporary organelles like pseudopodia. Pseudopods are temporary cytoplasmic projections of the cell membrane in certain unicellular protists such as Amoeba. Some mammalian cells such as fibroblasts can move over a solid surface by wave like undulations of the plasma membrane.

The Ground Substance of Spiritualism and Spirituality. The vital characteristics, the animating principles of Protoplasm could be known by observing Amoeba proteus. The Living Substance works as an organ of Motion or Movement, as an organ of Nutrition, and as an organ of Reproduction to generate new cells which have a life span of their own. In these physiological functions, I describe the characteristics such as Cognition, Consciousness, Memory, and Intelligence as spiritual attributes of Life as they bring functional unity and harmony in the interactions between different parts of the same individual organism while it exists in an environment as a member of a biological community.

**The Spiritual Connection between the Cell and its Energy Provider.**

Tragedy at Aerial Shell Fireworks Display, Thapar Stadium, Army Ordnance Corps Centre, Trimulgherry, Secunderabad

Tragedy at Thapar Stadium Secunderabad: The decision to include Aerial Shell Fireworks Display during Corps Raising Day Celebrations of 1983 caused the unfortunate death of Havildar B. Rama Rao of AOC Centre (No. 2 Training Battalion) Music Band. This Fireworks Display did not include a plan for hazard management and hence it failed to recognize the hazards, did not evaluate hazards and did not take adequate action to control risks associated with Fireworks Display. The Fireworks Show did not plan or meet the criteria for a safe-zone.

Tragedy at Thapar Stadium Secunderabad. The main entrance of Thapar Stadium is on Wellington Road. AOC Farm is on Wellington Road. The Mortar Bomb that caused a fatal accident was launched from the AOC Farm. The chief concern is about the lack of a protective barrier and the size of the Mortar Bomb Shell used for Aerial Shell Fireworks Display during AOC Raising Day Celebration 1983.

Tragedy at Thapar Stadium. A view of Thapar Stadium, AOC Centre where the Aerial Shell Fireworks Display during 1983 caused the death of Havildar B. Rama Rao of AOC Centre Music Band. Havildar Rao of No. 2 Training Battalion was seated among the spectators and had come to watch the Fireworks Display.

Tragedy at Thapar Stadium, Secunderabad. The Stadium is also known as Ordnance Centre Cricket Ground, Mahatma Gandhi Nagar, West Marredpally, Secunderabad where sporting events are conducted on a regular basis. We need a Memorial to pay tribute to Non-Commissioned Officer/Havildar. B. Rama Rao of No. 2 Training Battalion, a member of AOC Centre Music Band who died during Aerial Shell Fireworks Display on AOC Raising Day Celebrations of 1983. We need to pay this memorial tribute in recognition of the error in the decision to conduct Fireworks without establishing a Safety-Zone.

I am reporting about an event that resulted in the death of Hav. (Havildar) B. Rama Rao, a non-commissioned officer of the Indian Army serving in No. 2 Training Battalion, Army Ordnance Corps Centre, Secunderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India at Thapar Stadium during April, 1983 where over 1, 500 people including army personnel, their wives, and children had gathered to celebrate Army Ordnance Corps (AOC) Raising Day. I am writing about an unfortunate, tragic event that was witnessed by a multitude of spectators who came to Thapar Stadium to witness what they had hoped would be a spectacular Aerial Shell Fireworks display. I would like to briefly describe the history of Army Ordnance Corps (AOC) and its Centre in the Cantonment Area of Secunderabad. I would also describe about the infantry weapon known as ‘Mortar’, and the Physics of Aerial Shell Fireworks and the Pyro Technological principles involved in Fireworks. I would give a brief explanation of the medical aspects of this death event which may help us to understand death as a dying process. It is important to understand as to why an innocent spectator got killed at Thapar Stadium. We may bury our dead but we must never, ever bury our mistakes. Spiritualism seeks the establishment of Peace, Harmony, and Tranquility in the lives of human beings. There will be no Peace until we recognize and admit our errors of judgment that initiate our wrongful actions that disrupt Peace, Harmony, and Tranquility.

ARMY ORDNANCE CORPS OF INDIAN ARMY:

The Flag of Indian Army Ordnance Corps. Its Motto: “SHASTRA SE SHAKTI.” To project Military Might and Power, we need Weapons and Ammunition.

The AOC has a chequered history since the year 1775 when the Board of Ordnance was formed under the British Empire in India in the then Bengal Presidency. On April 01, 1884 The Ordnance Commissariat Department or the Ordnance Department in India came into existence. In 1922 the Indian AOC came into being. India won its Independence on August 15, 1947 and in 1950 India became a Republic. The Indian AOC was re-designated as the AOC which could be described as the material manager of the Indian Army. The Corps motto is: “SHASTRA SE SHAKTI” which describes the purpose of AOC as that of shaping the Army’s ‘Punch’. AOC provides and supplies the munitions required for war. Its inventory includes a diverse range of equipment, armaments, ammunition, explosives, clothing, and tentage. One of the major responsibilities of the Corps is the management of ammunition safety; security of ammunition, and repairs and disposal of unserviceable ammunition. The AOC Centre at Trimulgherry or Tirumala Giri, Secunderabad Cantonment was established in June 1953.

Headquarters Army Ordnance Corps Centre Secunderabad. During 1983, Brigadier AM Bhattacharya was its Commandant, the first Commandant of AOC Centre who held the rank of Brigadier.

AOC Centre Secunderabad is a huge training establishment that imparts training to various personnel who belong to or recruited to join the Indian Army to serve in Army Ordnance Corps.

Tragedy at Thapar Stadium: Shakti Motivational Hall AOC Centre Secunderabad. Shakti means Power. We need to learn the use of Power with a sense of Respect. To use Power with a sense of Respect, we have to learn about the Science that operates the Weapons and Ammunition that we use to display Power.

Thapar Stadium at AOC Centre is also known as Army Ordnance Centre Cricket Ground, Mahatma Gandhi Nagar, West Marredpally, Secunderabad/Hyderabad. During 1965-66 the first Ranji Trophy Cricket Match between Hyderabad and Mysore (now Karnataka) was played here. Later, a second Ranji Trophy Cricket Match was played in 1992-93 between Hyderabad and Kerala. Thapar Stadium has hosted several First-Class Cricket Matches and has been the venue for several other sporting events.

Tragedy at Thapar Stadium: Lieutenant General T A D’ Cunha, Director General of Ordnance Services is seen in this photo image taken during AOC 8th Reunion Celebration at AOC Centre Secunderabad. The decision to include Aerial Shell Fireworks Display during Corps Raising Day Celebrations of 1983 was not a decision made by Brigadier A M Bhattacharya, Commandant AOC Centre Secunderabad for the Centre had no weapons and ammunition to conduct Aerial Shell Fireworks and had no personnel trained in Pyrotechnical Displays.

Tragedy at Thapar Stadium: This is a photo image from 228th Corps Day Celebration at AOC Centre Secunderabad. The venue is the Open Air Theater of AOC Centre.

Tragedy at Thapar Stadium: This is a photo image taken at 235th Raising Day Celebrations at AOC Centre Secunderabad.

AOC celebrates Corps Day every year and the Corps Raising Day is celebrated once every five years. Hav. B. Rama Rao of No. 2 Training Battalion during 1983 was the leading member of the AOC Music Band that performs at various AOC official functions both at the Centre and at various locations of AOC across the country. He was married, and his family lived with him at the Centre. His musical talent and artistic performances were liked and appreciated and he was also liked for his pleasant bearing, and amiable nature. I would like to add that he was in perfect health when this totally unexpected event prematurely ended his life.

THE SCIENCE OF PYROTECHNICS:

Aerial Shell Fireworks Tragedy at Thapar Stadium: There are applications of Physics to create the myriad effects of Fireworks. The size of the Shell is related to the size of Shell burst that produces the display.

Fireworks are devices that use explosive, flammable/combustible chemical materials to create spectacular displays of light, noise, and smoke. Pyrotechnics is the art and technology of making and using fireworks. We need to understand the Science behind the spectacle of an entertaining fireworks show. The art of fireworks display dates back to ancient China. In India, traditional festivals like ‘Deepavali’ or ‘Diwali’ include the use of decorative fireworks such as rockets, fountains, sparklers and Roman candles. The celebrations of Victory and Peace like the Fourth of July celebration in the United States, New Year Day celebrations and the firework shows at sporting events are inventions of this century and they speak of the immense popularity of entertaining people with fireworks show. Fireworks makers fill the night sky with myriad effects in displays that are popular all over the world. Aerial fireworks developed out of military rockets and explosive missiles.

Aerial Shell Fireworks Tragedy at Thapar Stadium: The distance traveled by the Projectile and its initial velocity is important. There should be a safety barrier between the spectators and the site where the Projectile may fall to the ground if it does not explode in the sky. The angle of the trajectory is important. Army Ordnance Directorate, New Delhi during 1983 unfortunately failed to recognize the requirement of a safe-zone.

Until late 18th century, fireworks lacked the essential characteristic of color. For producing color, we need specific emitters of colored light. Chlorate an invention of the late 18th century and an industrial product of the early 19th century gave the ability to add colors to the fireworks. With the addition of various metallic salts to Potassium Chlorate brilliant colors could be produced. Chemical compounds such as Potassium Chlorate, Potassium Nitrate, and Potassium Perchlorate contain the Oxygen necessary for combustion of the pyrotechnic mixture. The nitrate, carbonate, or sulfate salts of Strontium produce red color; Copper salts produce blue color; Barium salts produce bright green color; and Sodium salts produce yellow flash. Magnesium and Aluminum powder add extra brilliant sparks and flash. The colors, fiery flashes, and star-burst effects of Aerial Fireworks come from ‘stars’, small pellets of firework composition which contain all the necessary ingredients for generating colored light or other special effects like creating images and letters in the air.

Aerial Fireworks Display Tragedy at Thapar Stadium: The addition of color is important to create splendid Fireworks Display. Brilliant colors are produced by addition of chemical compounds. For the Color, we need specific emitters of Colored Light. This Chromaticity diagram shows some Emission Bands.

Aerial Shell Fireworks Tragedy at Thapar Stadium: The addition of Copper salts produces brilliant Blue Color.

Aerial Fireworks Display Tragedy at Thapar Stadium: Aerial Fireworks Display when properly planned and executed would provide great visual entertainment.

MILITARY SCIENCE – MORTARS:

Mortar Infantry Weapon – Tragedy at Thapar Stadium: The use of Mortars as Infantry Weapon has increased during World War II during Open Warfare. The image shows the use of 60 mm Mortar by the U.S. Army in Afghanistan.

Aerial Shell Fireworks Display – Tragedy at Thapar Stadium: Shell is a payload-carrying Projectile which contains an explosive or other filling. This Photo image shows Mortar Bombs with High Explosive material. This photo image of Mortar Shells or Projectiles helps the readers to know the size, and shape of the type of heavy, Shell that was used in the conduct of Aerial Shell Fireworks Display at Thapar Stadium during 1983 Corps Raising Day Celebrations.

Aerial Shell Fireworks Display – Tragedy at Thapar Stadium: To use Power or Shakti we must learn about the Weapon and Ammunition that we use. This image depicts the various component parts of a Mortar Bomb or Projectile.

Mortars could be simply called as a small cannon. Mortars are gun like weapons that were first developed for the close support of infantry and therefore classed as infantry weapons. Mortar is a short-range weapon with smooth bore, short barrel, low muzzle velocity, and it fires heavy shells or projectiles with high-arched trajectory. Shell is a payload-carrying projectile which contains an explosive or other filling. Mortars have a role as an adjunct to artillery. It consists principally of a steel tube and supporting bipods and a base plate. During the trench warfare of World War I, greatly improved mortars came into use. Mortars as infantry weapons were employed extensively by all countries in a variety of calibres during open warfare of World War II. Small, portable mortars became standard 20th- century infantry weapons, especially for trench or mountain warfare. In mountain and jungle country, the high-angle, or high-arched trajectory fire enables infantry to reach targets inaccessible to other supporting weapons. Mortars because of their light weight and inconspicuousness could be brought into action quickly in difficult terrain to engage military targets that cannot be hit by direct, and observed fire. Modern mortars provide more mobile and less vulnerable weapons than field artillery or howitzers. Mortars are inexpensive to manufacture, simple to operate, and robust and easy to maintain. Medium mortars with a calibre of 70-90 millimetres (about 3-4 inches), a range up to 4, 000 metres, and a bomb weight of up to 5 Kg are favored. The fin-stabilized projectiles fired from mortars have arrow-like stability. These projectiles are designed to encounter less air resistance and thus retain more of their velocity in flight.

PHYSICS OF AERIAL SHELL FIREWORKS:

Aerial Shell Fireworks Display – Tragedy at Thapar Stadium: This photo image shows the preparation of Fireworks Mortar Tubes. There is a relationship between the size of the Shell, the Length of the Mortar Tube, the Initial Velocity and the Distance traveled by the Shell. We can predict as to where the Shell may land and calculate the Risk involved to Spectators watching the Show.

The Science of Pyrotechnics involves many Physics applications that must be considered to produce dazzling displays. Aerial Shells contain the chemicals that when ignited produce the brilliant flash of colored light. These Shells are loaded into mortars and are fired into the sky. The size of the Shell is important and six-inch Shells are used at small shows. Shells usually travel about 100 feet vertically for every inch they are in diameter depending on the angle they are fired from. There is a relationship between the initial velocities and the distances traveled by the Shells. Six inch Shell has the initial velocity of 203.5 feet/second. Fireworks are launched from rows of steel tubes (mortars) secured in troughs of sand. The tubes or mortars are three times as long as the Firework Shells but have the same diameter. The Shell fits snugly into its ‘Launch’ tube to allow the pressure created by the ‘Lift Charge’ to launch it into air. There is a ‘Bursting Charge’, a firecracker charge at the center of the Shell. ‘Fuse’ provides a time delay to allow the Shell to explode at the right altitude. When the ‘Lift Charge’ fires to launch the Shell, it ignites the Shells’ ‘Fuse’. The Shell’s Fuse burns while the Shell rises to its correct altitude, and then it lights the ‘Bursting Charge’ making the Shell to explode. Understanding of these basic principles of Physics will help to formulate a policy of Hazard Management for Aerial Shell Fireworks displays.

HAZARD MANAGEMENT FOR FIREWORKS DISPLAYS:

It involves, 1. Recognition of hazards, 2. Evaluation of risks, and 3. Control of risks.

I. Hazards associated with Lift or Propelling Charge:-

1. Premature Ignition or Ignition Problem.

2. Delayed Ignition or “Hangfire.”

3. Ignition Failure or “Misfire.”

II. Functioning Problems:-

1. Explosion within the Mortar tube; a. Mild explosion, b. Powerful explosion or Shell detonation.

2. Explosion just above the Mortar tube.

3. Delayed Explosion.

4. Failure to Explode – Shell or Shell components fall to ground; ignited or unignited; Shell, or burning debris reaches ground.

These hazards have to be recognized for proper planning of Fireworks Displays. If there is no protective barrier like a lake or waterfront, the size and the make of the Aerial Shell used for the display would be of critical importance. For Fireworks Display at Thapar Stadium, the Shell size must not exceed six inches, and Shells with metal casing would pose serious risks to the spectators if the unexploded Shell reaches the ground.

AOC RAISING DAY CELEBRATION DURING 1983 AT THAPAR STADIUM:

AOC Raising Day Celebration at AOC Centre, Secunderabad takes place over several days and it includes a variety of events such as a Ceremonial Parade, ‘Sainik Sammelan’ (a ceremonial gathering of all Unit personnel in Uniform to hear and discuss about Regimental issues and concerns about general welfare), ‘Bara Khana’ (a feast in which all ranks participate in Uniform) and a Live Entertainment Show. For the Celebration during 1983, the Ordnance Directorate at New Delhi decided the addition of an Aerial Shell Fireworks Display at Thapar Stadium where all ranks with their families could be entertained. However, the AOC Centre Secunderabad had no ammunition, or mortar tubes, or personnel trained in Pyrotechnics. A trained team headed by a Junior Commissioned Officer, along with the necessary equipment was dispatched to Secunderabad on Temporary Duty to organize the Fireworks Display at Thapar Stadium. The Pyrotechnic Team that had arrived in Secunderabad made no attempt to discuss the issue of Hazard Management with the Regimental Medical Officer. Apparently, a decision was made by the Ordnance Directorate not to directly involve AOC Centre Secunderabad in the conduct of the Aerial Shell Fireworks Display. There was no malicious intent. The Show was intended to amuse people and organizing a rehearsal of the event would spoil the sense of fun in watching the Show. The Team had arrived with ammunition and equipment that was tested at a different location and did not conduct further testing at Secunderabad prior to the actual Show.

After spectators got seated at Thapar Stadium, the lights were turned off, and the night sky was clear and dark for an ideal display of Aerial Fireworks. The mortar tubes were positioned on AOC Farm located just outside the boundary of Thapar Stadium. The very first Mortar Bomb Shell that was fired got launched into the air, had reached its right altitude, and unfortunately failed to explode. The Shell experienced a Functioning Problem and the unexploded Shell rapidly descended vertically, towards the ground with its tip pointing downwards, where people were seated. The crowd of spectators were absolutely stunned and were speechless when this unexpected event hit them like a bolt from the sky. The Shell found its victim and Havildar B. Rama Rao was that unsuspecting victim. I was among the spectators in a section designated for the Officers of the AOC Centre. I simply dashed towards the bleachers, the site of mishap, and found Hav. Rao within an instant after he was hit. He recognized me as he was fully conscious. I found the Mortar Bomb standing right on top of his head with its tail fin pointing upwards. He had no words to speak, and he was not in pain. I could clearly see the sense of mortal fear expressed on his face. This sense of fear had an overwhelming force of its own and it would not let the person experience the sensation called Pain. All his vital signs were normal, and he was able to stand on his own. The Shell penetrated his skull bone and remained very firmly seated in the head. There was no external bleeding from the head injury. I must frankly admit that I was shocked beyond all belief to find the type of Mortar Bomb that got planted into his head. It was eight inches long and had a heavy metal casing. I was not really expecting that the Shell would be that long and heavy and might have metal casing instead of cardboard. However, at that moment, my first concern was that of assuring Hav. Rao and to take him to the Military Hospital for immediate management of his head injury. The unexploded Mortar Bomb posed a great risk to him and all others and it was my urgent priority to safely dislodge this Bomb from his skull before it explodes. Rules of Safety demand that unexploded ammunition such as Bombs should not be directly touched or handled as such handling would cause them to explode. I assisted Hav. Rao to move and found the staff car of Brigadier A M Bhattacharya, Commandant of AOC Centre that was parked inside the Stadium. I helped Hav. Rao to get into the backseat of this staff car as it would be better to transport him in a sitting position without disturbing the Bomb. Within a few minutes, we reached the Military Hospital on Gough Road, a short distance from the AOC Centre campus. As he stepped out of the car to enter the Hospital Medical Inspection Room, Havildar Rao had to pause for he had a bout of vomiting. It was a danger signal, a symptom of raising intracranial pressure due to head injury. The Duty Medical Officer and his staff lost no time and we initiated the medical treatment to reduce the raising intracranial pressure. Lieutenant Colonel A K Gupta, the Senior Surgical Specialist of the Hospital had soon arrived on the scene. At that time, Hav. Rao was still fully conscious, breathing on his own, and his blood pressure showed a response by getting elevated as a result of the raising intracranial pressure. Surgeon A K Gupta immediately took him to the Operation Theater and his first priority was to safely remove the Bomb which penetrated his skull and then to attempt a surgical decompression by removing the collection of blood inside the skull that was compressing the brain matter. The Surgeon could safely remove the Bomb and could not proceed any further as a fatal complication called brain herniation began to manifest. It was a very rapid, and fast-moving course of medical condition during which the patient loses cardiac and respiratory functions associated with signs of deep coma or loss of consciousness. Apart from the loss of heart and lung functions, there was loss of all brainstem functions at which point the fact of the clinical onset of brain death was made. From the Military Hospital, I proceeded to the residence of Lieutenant Colonel R S Johar, the Commanding Officer of No. 2 Training Battalion. He and other Officers were anxiously awaiting to learn about the outcome of this tragic event. Later, a Court of Inquiry was instituted as required by Army Regulations to officially inquire about this accident and the death of Hav. Rao. I was asked to testify at the Court and answered the questions asked by the Court. The Court was satisfied that the death was due to an accident and did not blame any individual for causing or contributing to this accident.

THE MEDICAL ASPECTS OF SEVERE HEAD INJURY:

Aerial Fireworks Display and Tragedy at Thapar Stadium: The complications of head injury or trauma are brain edema or swelling and brain herniation when brain tissue gets displaced from its usual position within the cranial cavity. Six types of brain herniation can occur: 1. Uncal herniation, 2. Central or Transtentorial herniation, 3. Cingulate or Subfalcine herniation, 4. Transcalvarial or Infratentorial herniation, 5. Upward Cerebellar or Upward Transtentorial herniation, and 6. Tonsillar or downward Cerebellar herniation. The compression of Brainstem causes Brain Death due to Cardiac and Pulmonary Arrest.

A serious and potentially fatal consequence of head injury is that of brain edema and brain herniation. Brain is enclosed in a non-expandable case, the skull or the cranium. Head trauma causes increased permeability of the endothelial cells, the cells that line the walls of the small blood vessels and capillaries that supply blood to the brain tissue. The blood vessels can also rupture as a direct consequence of the trauma. This leads to loss of blood or fluid from the capillaries and blood vessels which collects and accumulates in the surrounding brain tissue. This vasogenic brain edema or swelling leads to an increased intracranial pressure. The leaked blood collects as a swelling called hematoma which exerts pressure on brain tissue. The cranial or skull cavity is divided by dural septa or partitions into several compartments. A mass lesion like hematoma, or brain edema causes a pressure gradient between the compartments of the cranial cavity. The term brain herniation describes the displacement that occurs when cerebral tissue, cerebrospinal fluid and blood vessels are moved or pressed and pushed outside of their usual positions within the brain compartments. The pressure gradient causes the movement of brain tissue and the tissue gets pushed through openings in the covering of brain called dura mater or through openings in the skull like the foramen magnum. Herniation causes damage by direct compression of brain tissue and of blood vessels that supply brain. Compression of brainstem affects the vital respiratory and circulatory centers that operate the functions of Lungs and Heart. The loss of functions of brainstem causes 1. coma or deep unconsciousness, 2. cardiac and respiratory arrest, absence of heart beat, and absence of spontaneous breathing, and 3. absence of brainstem reflexes like blinking of eyes, pupils not responding or reacting to light (remain dilated and not constricting to light) and the absence of ‘gagging reflex’.

SPIRITUALISM AND DEATH AT THAPAR STADIUM:

I am reporting this unfortunate event in due recognition of the failure of Hazard Management for that fateful Aerial Shell Fireworks Display held during 1983. We had not recognized the risks and we had not evaluated the risks and hence we had no ability to control the risks. To acknowledge the fact that we had learned a lesson, we must erect a suitable Memorial to pay homage to our Fallen Soldier and pay tribute to Hav. Rao of AOC Centre Music Band.

“ARMY COVERED UP HAVILDAR’S DEATH” – NEWS STORY IN DECCAN CHRONICLE :

Jatinder Kaur Tur of Deccan Chronicle published a news item on August 29, 2012 giving some details of this incident involving the death of Havildar Rao and commented about Army’s inability to report its mistake. In a Letter to the Editor, Deccan Chronicle reader, Colonel Prasad had commented on September 01 and claimed that, “All accidents are investigated by Courts of Inquiry and action is taken.” It is indeed true and as I mentioned in this blog post, a Court of Inquiry presided by Lieutenant Colonel R S Johar of No. 2 Training Battalion, AOC Centre, Secunderabad had given its findings and the same were approved without blaming any person or entity for contributing to this accidental death.

Dr. R. Rudra Narasimham, B.Sc., M.B.B.S.,

Personal Number. MR- 03277K. Rank. Major . AMC/DPC

Senior Regimental Medical Officer ( 1978-84 ),

AOC Centre, Trimulgherry, Secunderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India.

The Discovery of Bhavanajagat

Man’s Purpose in the vast universe of unknown dimensions

**The Discovery of Bhavanajagat – BhavanaJagat is devoted to discover the purpose of man in this vast, universe of unknown dimensions.**

Spiritualism – The Discovery of BhavanaJagat : What is the “Connection” between man and Sun? Does man have the physical and intellectual ability or capacity to harness Solar Energy to maintain his living functions? Man is a spiritual being as his existence demands the presence of a vital, animating, Life Principle that can be named as soul, or spirit. The purpose of soul or spirit involves the use of awareness or consciousness to obtain energy from an external source to maintain the fact or condition called living. Man has no ability to directly rule or govern the individual, independent living cells of his body that display functional autonomy. Man, to support his existence needs the integration of functions of the cells, the tissues, and the various organ systems that constitute the multicellular, complex organism. Soul or spirit is the agency that operates the guiding or controlling mechanisms to provide mutually beneficial relationships and interactions that have characteristics such as mutual assistance, mutual tolerance, mutual cooperation, and mutual subservience for the benefit of the person who exists because of those functions.

Spiritualism – The Discovery of BhavanaJagat: Man’s home in the Milky Way Galaxy. Man is destined to live and seek existence on planet Earth as it is created with a purpose; the purpose of providing a home to the living entities.

Spiritualism – The Discovery of BhavanaJagat: Planet Earth is unique, distinctive, original, and one of its own kind of created celestial object. The feature that I use to determine planet Earth’s originality is that of its Rotational Spin; its Rotational Speed and its Rotational Axis which make the planet the home for all living things.

Bhavanajagat is a site devoted to discovering man’s purpose in this vast universe of unknown dimensions. Please note that the word ‘man’ is being used in this conversation to refer to the human organism which is constituted by trillions of individual, independent, living cells that have formulated an association, a partnership, a relationship and bonding that is beneficial to the existence of the ‘subject’ called ‘man’. If man has a purpose in this universe; it will not be possible to discover that purpose by physically exploring the limits or boundaries of the universe. Man’s physical abilities and capacity to directly explore universe are extremely limited. Man needs the safety and comfort of his terrestrial home to perform his life’s journey. The word “Jagat” refers to planet Earth, and this entire known and unknown limits of physical universe. The word Jagat also refers to things that are constantly moving and hence changing. Man exists on planet Earth which is never at the same position as it partakes in the motion of Sun in the Milky Way. It is observed that the galaxies in our universe are not stationary objects and are moving all the time.

Man may never know his precise location in this universe at any given instant and his existence is conditioned by an unknown factor called Change. Since man’s existence is conditioned by constant change, it faces several challenges from known and unknown directions. The purpose of my study and investigation is that of promoting the well-being of all people without any distinction based upon race, ethnicity, country or nationality, culture, religion, language, age, gender, sexual orientation, educational qualification, occupational status, social ranking and participation in social or political organizations. There is a fundamental need to defend, and to preserve human existence as such ideas are always inspired by true or real human nature.

Man is a Rational Being:

Vitruvian Man, the creation of Leonardo da Vinci – Spiritualism – The Discovery of Bhavanajagat: What is the purpose of Man in Life and What is His purpose in the World and in the Universe where he exists?

Man has no choice other than that of depending upon his reasoning abilities to arrive at a rational understanding of his purpose in life and his existence in this universe. A tool that man can use to know and understand the world and the universe is called “Bhavana.” The Indian language term “Bhavana” refers to a mental function or activity called thought or imagination. Man has the ability to use sensory information and combine it with his reasoning skills to make inferences about things that he may not be able to directly experience. Man uses a verification process to validate his mental concepts and ideas to find some correspondence between the mental concept and an external reality.

The word “Bhavana” could be used in several contexts such as 1.Originating Principle, 2. Prime Cause, 3. Devotion, 4. Meditation, 5. Mental Reflection or Contemplation, acts of thinking or imagination, 6. an act of Remembrance, 7. a proof or evidence, 8. recognition of things using the olfactory sense perception, 9. the mental preparation prior to performance of acts such as procreation and others,and 10. the use of a fluid medium like honey or fruit juice to dissolve medicinal agents. Using the principles of valid reasoning, it can be suggested that the universe had a beginning and it appears as a creative beginning as the products or things that came into existence appear like original, distinctive, and one of their own kind of objects. As of today, planet Earth appears like one of its own kind of object that is known to be supporting human existence. If planet Earth and the universe are created entities, the beginning implies a creative thought, imagination, or “Bhavana.” I will be using BhavanaJagat.com to share those ideas and mental concepts that may have practical application to provide therapeutic relief to the problems of human existence in this world and in this universe. I would also use Bhavanajagat.com to communicate several aspects of the term Bhavana as it relates to Jagat, planet Earth and universe that are subject to constant change.

Man is a Created Being : The Subjective Reality of Man:

Spiritualism – The Discovery of BhavanaJagat: Man is a created being and this fact does not demand the Discovery of the Lord God Creator. Man is a rational being who uses sensory information, applies a reasoning process and makes inferences about existence of things that he may not be able to directly experience.

BhavanaJagat recognizes man as a created being. Man comes into his state of existence as an original, unique, distinctive, one of its own kind of object or thing that has not existed in the past, and will not exist again in the future. This uniqueness is related to the nature of the human genome that always establishes man as a specific Individual. Man has no choice other than that of existing as an Individual with Individuality. This fact of being an Individual is explained by the individualistic behavior of the DNA molecules which determine the morphological appearance, the structures, and functions of the human organism; the DNA and other organic molecules it creates using the mechanism of protein synthesis.

The human person who describes himself as “I” comes into being and declares the fact of his existence by using the two words; “I AM.” The person called “I” has no independent existence at any stage of his existence. The condition called human existence always demands a connection with an external source of energy. In good health, or ill-health, at any given age, under any given circumstances, at any given place and environment, and membership in a social community, man needs to use energy and replenish the used energy. Man can maintain the Subjective Reality of his existence if he is connected to an external source of energy that derives its energy from Cosmic or extraterrestrial source of energy. Man does not establish this connection or partnership because of his physical, or mental efforts and work.

Man is a Spiritual Being: The Objective Reality of Man:

Spiritualism – The Discovery of BhavanaJagat: What is the “Connection” between man and Sun? Does man have the physical and intellectual ability or capacity to harness Solar Energy to maintain his living functions? Man is a spiritual being as his existence demands the presence of a vital, animating, Life Principle that can be named as soul, or spirit. The purpose of soul or spirit involves the use of awareness or consciousness to obtain energy from an external source to maintain the fact or condition called living. Man has no ability to directly rule or govern the individual, independent living cells of his body that display functional autonomy. Man, to support his existence needs the integration of functions of the cells, the tissues, and the various organ systems that constitute the multicellular, complex organism. Soul or spirit is the agency that operates the guiding or controlling mechanisms to provide mutually beneficial relationships and interactions that have characteristics such as mutual assistance, mutual tolerance, mutual cooperation, and mutual subservience for the benefit of the person who exists because of those functions.

Man is a Spiritual Being as his existence demands the presence of a vital, animating, Life Principle. While most people agree that there is a fundamental distinction between living, and non-living matter, there is no consensus about the meaning of the term ‘soul’, or ‘spirit’. BhavanaJagat uses the term ‘Soul’, or ‘Spirit’ to describe it as a material living principle and the term will not be used to describe any kind of immaterial principle which may have an independent existence while it is not attached to a living human being.

Man’s Essence and Man’s Existence:

Spiritualism – Discovery of BhavanaJagat: The Pencil in Water Illusion: Man leads a ‘conditioned’ existence, just like the Pencil in Water. The Reality of the Pencil can be easily demonstrated by simply removing the Pencil from Water. In case of man it is not easy to conduct such a demonstration as man needs the help of an Illusion and not the experience of Reality. Science can explain the reason for this Illusion, but Science has no Power/Force/Energy to alter the properties of Light rays that produce the Illusion. While being conditioned, man has no choice other than that of Ignorance; the Reality of planet Earth’s motions are not needed as direct sensory experience.

Man’s Essence (What You Are) has two aspects; 1. An External Reality that can be known to others and is recognized by others, and 2. An Internal Reality, known to the man or an entity that can be called “The Knowing-Self.” Man’s physical identity, actions, and behavior are variable and are influenced by variable, external, environmental factors. Man defines his Essence in his thoughts, in his speech, in his actions, and behavior. But, to display this Essence, man needs the help of an unchanging operating principle that is associated with the nature of his living substance or living matter. Soul, or spirit is that unchanging principle that is unaffected by the influence of time or the variable, external, environmental factors. Man’s thoughts, speech, actions, and behavior will reflect this true, or real unchanging spiritual nature when he understands, and knows that his Existence demands the experience of an Illusion. Man exists on the surface of a fast-moving object and man is blissfully ignorant of the reality of Earth’s motions.Man recognizes Sunrise, Sunset, the alternating periods of Light and Darkness, and the changing Seasons. But, man has no direct, sensory experience of the fact of a moving object that causes the changes that he experiences as Day and Night. In other words, man lives because of his ignorance of the amazing speed with which the world is constantly changing its location in the Space. The speed of planet Earth if experienced, is not compatible with human existence. Man exists as he has no direct experience of the Reality of this World and the Universe.

Man can recognize the operation of a Fundamental Force called Gravitation. But, if man’s Essence, and Existence have to come together, we need a Power/Force/Energy that can be called Love which has the attributes of Mercy/Grace/Compassion. To know the existence of this Power/Force/Energy called Love (Mercy/Grace/Compassion), man is endowed with an intellectual ability called ‘devotion’. BhavanaJagat explores the purpose of man in this universe using a reasoning process directed by ‘devotion’.

Kindly join me in this effort and visit Bhavanajagat to review my thoughts and offer me encouragement and guidance with your feedback.

**The discovery of Bhavanajagat using a reasoning process directed by devotion.**

Wishes for Less Troubles and More Blessings and Nothing But Happiness Come Through Your Door

The idea of peace is always associated with the idea of well-being and good health. The idea of perfect well-being also includes ideas of mental peace, mental tranquility, and mental equilibrium. The physical, mental, and social well-being are a part of man’s well-being in the environment, and community where he lives. To achieve perfect, and complete peace or Whole Peace, we must include the dimensions of the man’s moral, and spiritual well-being apart from the physical, mental, and social well-being. The aspects of external and inner or mental peace work together to contribute a Blissful Existence while man experiences Joy in his mind, and Love in his heart. Hence, peace is not mere absence of war and strife.

Wishes for Less Troubles and More Blessings and Nothing But Happiness Come Through Your Door

Yes indeed, Life is Complicated. The complexity of Life involves the fundamental problem of mortal existence. It evokes a sense of fear and anxiety even if the fear and anxiety are not overtly expressed in behavior and actions. The man can never escape from the need for peace and tranquility to overcome the challenges of existence.

Human existence evokes a sense of fear and anxiety. The fear is associated with the idea that the journey is long and tedious and the uncertainty of reaching the shore line. The anxiety is because of the fact that the life span is over as the time marches on relentlessly. The passage of day and night, the change of seasons, the spring and the winter, the life span is over even if the individual wants to cling to his life.The life span is compared to air bubbles in water and the bubble exists only for a moment. The long journey generates fear and the short life span produces anxiety. When the heart is troubled and when the mind is afraid, there is no peace.

Searching for Peace:

May Your Troubles Be Less and Your Blessings Be More

1. For he himself is our peace. (EPHESIANS 2:14)

2.”Peace I leave with you; my peace I give you. I do not give to you as the world gives. Do not let your hearts be troubled and do not be afraid”. (JOHN14:27)

3.But the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness and self-control. (GALATIANS 5:22-23)

4. Rejoice in the Lord always. I will say it again: Rejoice! Let your gentleness be evident to all. The Lord is near. Do not be anxious about anything, but in everything, by prayer and petition, with thanksgiving, present your requests to God. And the peace of God, which transcends all understanding, will guard your hearts and your minds in Christ Jesus. (PHILIPPIANS4:4-7)

Bharat Darshan – The Indian Army Celebrates 77th Army Day on Wednesday, January 15, 2025

https://www.youtube.com/live/Vg9-icXP5-c?si=cKOSGs6ZRZ783xFn

Every year, January 15 is commemorated as Army Day to mark the occasion when General (later Field Marshal) K M Cariappa took over the command of the Indian Army from General Sir F R R Bucher, the last British Commander-in-Chief, in 1949 and became the first Indian Commander-in-Chief of Independent India. The theme for the 77th Army Day 2025 is ‘Samarth Bharat, Saksham Sena’ (Capable India, Empowered Army), reflecting the Indian Army’s commitment to national strength and defence capabilities.

Bharat Darshan. Indian Army celebrates 74th Army Day on Saturday, January 15, 2022. Lt Manisha Bohra of AOC Contingent gives a command during the full dress rehearsal for the Army Day Parade, at Army Parade Ground in New Delhi. (PTI Photo)

Bharat Darshan. Indian Army celebrates 74th Army Day on Saturday, January 15, 2022. Marching contingent of the Indian Army during the full dress rehearsal for the Army Day Parade, at Army Parade Ground in New Delhi. (PTI Photo)

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Bharat Darshan-The Indian Army Celebrates 74th Army Day on Friday, January 15, 2022. Field Marshal K. C. Cariappa, The First Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army, 1949

Even after the Independence, the Indian Army did not have an Indian chief; instead it was led by British Army officers. On January 15, 1949, then Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army General Sir Francis Butcher handed over the charge to then Lieutenant General KM Cariappa, giving Army its first Indian chief. A decorated Army officer, Field Marshal KM Cariappa spearheaded Indian forces during 1947 India-Pakistan war. The first Indian Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army, Cariappa hailed from Karnataka. Born on December 1898, his career spanned over three decades. He is also one of the first two recipients of the title of Field Marshal of India, the second Field Marshal of India is Sam Manekshaw.

Army Day 2021: Why is January 15 Observed As Army Day? History, Significance — Rare photo of Field Marshal KM Cariappa (extreme right) and C Rajagopalachari, the last Governor-General of India. (Image: twitter.com/adgpi)

**Bharat Darshan-Indian Army Celebrates 74th Army Day on Saturday, January 15, 2022.**

Army Day is celebrated every year across the country on January 15.

The Indian Army’s theme for the year 2022, “In Stride with the Future”, is an acknowledgment of the increasingly critical role played by niche and disruptive technologies in modern warfare. The Indian Army confronts a plethora of security challenges, conventional and non-traditional, and is looking at Artificial Intelligence (AI), 5G, Robotics and Quantum Technology to find innovative solutions to these emerging challenges.

The Army Day celebrations commenced with the Wreath Laying Ceremony at the National War Memorial where the three Service Chiefs paid homage to the Bravehearts. In his message to all ranks of the Indian Army, the Chief of the Army Staff, General MM Naravane saluted the supreme sacrifice of all personnel who laid down their lives in the line of duty, reiterating his unstinted support to the Veer Naris and Next of Kin of the fallen soldiers. He assured the Nation that the Indian Army was operationally ready to deal with any adverse situation.

Bharat Darshan. Indian Army celebrates 74th Army Day on Saturday, January 15, 2022. Centurion Tank on display during the full dress rehearsal for the Army Day Parade, at the Army Parade Ground in New Delhi. (PTI Photo

Bharat Darshan. Indian Army celebrates 74th Army Day on Saturday, January 15, 2022. Army jawans display their war skills during the full dress rehearsal for the Army Day Parade, at Army Parade Ground in New Delhi. (PTI Photo)

Bharat Darshan. Indian Army celebrates 74th Army Day on Saturday, January 15, 2022. Akash Missile system on display during the full dress rehearsal for the Army Day Parade, at Army Parade Ground in New Delhi. (PTI Photo)

The Chief of the Army Staff reviewed the Army Day Parade at the Cariappa Parade Ground, Delhi Cantonment, and awarded 15 Sena Medals (including five posthumously) for individual acts of gallantry and 23 COAS Unit Citations to units for their commendable performance.

The Army Day Parade this year showcased the evolution of various weapon systems held in the Indian Army’s inventory. New and modern weapon systems and platforms were displayed alongside their old counterparts. Centurion tanks were followed by Arjun Main Battle Tanks and TOPAS was succeeded by the BMP-II. Similarly, pairs of the 75/24 Indian Field Gun and Dhanush, PMP/PMS and Sarvatra bridges, and Tiger Cat & Akash Surface to Air Missiles were also on display.

The parade also included International Sports awardees and seven marching contingents, including mounted horse cavalry. A song titled ‘Maati’, sung by famed singer Hariharan, dedicated to the Army and the Nation was exclusively released during the event.

The 72nd year Army day celebrations was different as a fourth-generation woman army officer spearheaded an all men contingent on January 15. Captain Bhavana Kasturi, marking a departure from the convention, led an all men contingent on Republic Day 2019. Army Day is celebrated to honour our brave soldiers who serve the country selflessly, sometimes, laying down their lives.

Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) General Bipin Rawat, Army chief General MM Naravane, Chief of the Naval Staff Admiral Karambir Singh and Air Force chief Air Chief Marshal RKS Bhadauria laid wreaths remembering the brave martyrs on the occasion of the 73rd Army Day on Friday (January 15) at the National War Memorial in Delhi.
Tweeting from its official handle, the Indian army also paid tribute to the 100 martyrs who sacrificed their lives in 2020. “Army pays homage to the 100 battle casualties in the year 2020 on the Army Day today. These officers and jawans lost their lives in different operations including the Galwan valley clash in Eastern Ladakh on June 15,” the army’s tweet read.
Pic Courtesy: Twitter/@adgpi

Army Chief General MM Naravane takes salute before inspecting the parade on the occasion of the Army Day, at the Parade Ground in New Delhi. Paying homage to the 20 soldiers who lost their lives during India-China standoff, Army chief asserted that their “sacrifice won’t go in vain”.
Pic Courtesy: PTI

Army chief General Manoj Mukund Naravane will be chief guest at the Army Day celebrations this year. The parade will showcase various routines such as aerial stunts and bike pyramids.

On Army Day, the army chief takes the salute and inspects the parade led by the General Officer Commanding, HQs Delhi Area. The other two service chiefs also attend the parade every year and take salute. This year, the Chief of Defence Staff General Bipin Rawat will also attend the parade this year and take salute. General Rawat took charge as CDS on 31st December, 2019.

India shows its power at the Army Day parade. T-90 battle tanks of Indian Army displayed during the 73rd Army Day parade, at the Parade ground.
Pic Courtesy: PTI

Army soldiers display drone attack during the 73rd Army Day being celebrated at the Parade ground in New Delhi.
Pic Courtesy: PTI

Army Service Corps (ASC) Motorcycle Display Team ‘Tornadoes’ perform during the 73rd Army Day parade. The team members also performed various daredevil stunts at the parade.
Pic Courtesy: PTI

In view of the COVID-19 protocols, troops march wearing face masks during the Army Day parade.
Pic Courtesy: ANI

Bharat Darshan. The Indian Army Celebrates 73rd Army Day on Friday, January 15, 2021.

Last year, Captain Tania Shergill from the Corp of Signals lead an all men contingent on Army Day. Shergill was inducted in March 2017 from Officers Training Academy, Chennai. Her father and grandfather also served in the Indian Army.

Army Day 2020: Tania Shergil became the first woman parade adjutant in the 72nd Army Day Parade.

The main event takes place at Cariappa Parade Ground at Delhi Cantonment. The ceremony begins with Indian Army chief taking the salute. Soldiers are accorded Sena medals for their service to the nation. However, Army Day is observed at all Army Command headquarters across the country.

Indian Army soldiers take out a parade and arsenals are put on display. Last year, Army exhibited the BrahMos Missiles, BLT T-72 ‘Bharat Rakshak’ tank, Advanced Light Helicopters, and the 155mm Soltam Gun.

In 2020, 15 soldiers were decorated with gallantry awards while 18 battalions got unit citations. The military hardware which were showcased in the 2020 parade include infantry combat vehicle BMP-2K, K9 Vajra-T artillery guns, locally built Dhanush towed guns, T-90 main battle tanks and the short span bridging system.

Army Day 2020 Theme

The main focus of Army Day 2020 will be on the ‘Digital Transformation of Defense’.

**Bharat Darshan-The Indian Army Celebrates 72nd Army Day on January 15.**

Bharat Darshan. Indian Army celebrates 74th Army Day on Saturday, January 15, 2022.

The Celebration of the First Birth Anniversary of the Rudolf-Grant Connection on February 22, 2023

On February 22, 2022, I had the unique experience of visualizing the Living Spirit of Indian film actress Madhubala born on February 14, 1933 and died on February 23, 1969

**The Celebration of the First Birth Anniversary of the Rudolf-Grant Connection onFebruary 22, 2023.**

I ask my readers to kindly note that I have not watched any of the numerous Indian movies in which Madhubala was featured in different roles. I heard her name and have listened to the songs on the radio where the attention goes to the actual singers and not to the actors and actresses who appear to sing those songs on the Screen. For the first time in my life, I found the opportunity to listen and to watch some of the music videos of old Hindi films on YouTube during the month of February 2022.

It was entirely by accident, I watched a couple of the old film music videos. I was not aware of Madhubala’s life story. As I watched her on the TV screen, I could discern some facial features that could connect her to a living person. As my curiosity got aroused, I looked for information and gathered her biographical information.

On February 22, 2022, I was totally amazed to see the face of that living person getting superimposed on the face of Madhubala while I watched a music video. I asked another person to verify my observation and confirm the accuracy of this facial resemblance.

The 22nd Day of February 1972 lives in my memory as I was issued the Indian Army ID with a photo image showing me wearing the badges of Captain’s Rank. In reality, my Date of Seniority is July 26, 1971 and I was promoted to the Captain’s Rank on that day. However, due to the contingencies of military service and the Bangladesh Ops of 1971, my Unit had no time to verify the Gazette of India publication which formally announces the promotion of Rank in respect of Officers. I continued to serve wearing the badges of Lieutenant even after my official promotion to the Rank of Captain. In the month of February 1972, I obtained a passport picture at a photo studio in Doom Dooma, Tinsukia District of Assam. The photo studio graciously provided me with an extra copy of my passport picture which I submitted to obtain my new Indian Army Picture ID Card that I started to use since February 22, 1972. On February 22, 1972, the People’s Daily printed a picture of Chairman Mao shaking hands with Richard Nixon.

**On February 22, 1972, the People’s Daily printed a picture of Chairman Mao shaking hands with Richard Nixon.**

Unfortunately, a few months later, an unknown enemy agent who was spying on me stole my personal belongings including my Uniform in which I kept my Feb 1972 Army Picture ID. Surprisingly, this stolen Army Picture ID was featured in an Indian Film titled TE3N. I keep using this Feb 72 photo image to inform the enemy that I am still alive.

So, I have special reasons to celebrate my unique visual experience on Wednesday, February 22, 2023. However, in my view, the vital, animating principle called Spirit or Soul is not about facial identity or human identity as every human being always arrives with a new, original genome that has never existed in the past, and will never exist again in the future. I am speaking about the Individuality of the person that we recognize as Madhubala. The Individuality of Madhubala has never perished. The Individuality of Madhubala lives as her Spirit or Soul never dies. The human identity belongs to the mortal body called Jism. The human Individuality belongs to the Spirit/Soul/Rooh. The condition called Death or Maut afflicts the human body whereas the Spirit/Soul/Rooh is the Unchanging Principle operating the human body and is not touched by Death.

Jism ko maut aati hai lekin

Rooh ko maut aati nahi hai
Jism ko maut aati hai lekin
Rooh ko maut aati nahi hai

For 36 long years, from 1933 to 1969, Madhubala struggled to mortify the inequities of her physical body and finally she won her freedom and lives through the Spirit.

Yes indeed, Life is complicated. The Complexities of Life can never be understood without knowing the truth called Past. The experiences of Future Life cannot be validated or verified. The experience of Present Life can be validated and be verified by knowing the true or real Past Experience of Life. The Past is Never Dead.

On 02-22-2022, I confirm the Rudolf-Grant Connection at Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. The Connection is validated, and verified by another person who works in Ann Arbor, Michigan.

The Rudolf-Grant Connection:

Happy Twosday on Tuesday, 22/02/2022. I joined Two-Two after getting Commission at age Twenty-Two

**Happy Twosday on Tuesday, February 22, 2022. I joined Two-Two after getting Commission at age Twenty-Two**

22/02/2022: Today is Happy Twosday, and it’s both a palindrome and an ambigram

**Happy Twosday on Tuesday. The date on 22nd February 2022 is both a palindrome and an ambigram. The date reads the same from left to right, from right to left AND upside down. Photograph:( Twitter )**

The world will reach a historic milestone on February 22. It’s the date itself: February 22nd, 2022.This is an ambigram as well as a rare palindrome. Only a few dates on the calendar are extremely rare numerically. Such dates are usually accurate over a long period of time. Today is one of those occasions.

The date forms a palindrome and an ambigram when written in the British style on 22/02/2022, a pattern that is unique and extremely unusual. This implies it may be read in any direction, including backwards and upside down.

Personal Number: MS-8466. Rank: Captain. Name: R Rudra Narasimham, Branch: Army Medical Corps/Short Service Regular Commission. Unit: Headquarters Establishment Number. 22, C/O 56 APO. Designation: Medical Officer. Organization: SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE. Joined Two-Two after getting Commission at age Twenty-Two

**Happy Twosday on Tuesday, February 22, 2022. I belong to Two-Two and I joined Two-Two on September 22 after getting Commission at age Twenty-Two.**

At age twenty-two, I got Commission in the Indian Army Medical Corps giving me the opportunity to serve in a top-secret military Establishment Number. 22 which is popularly identified as Two-Two. I joined Two-Two on September 22 making it a Special Day of my life.

Who are You at age Twenty-Two?

I ask my readers to share their images at age Twenty-Two.

**Happy Twosday on Tuesday, 22/02/2022. I joined Two-Two after getting Commission at age Twenty-Two**.

Operation Eagle – A Demand for Justice from Dr. Manmohan Singh, Prime Minister of India

**My elder brother Pratap is seen with me in a photo taken in Mylapore, Madras(Chennai) and he is the author of this letter demanding action from Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh.**

**OPERATION EAGLE 1971 – CHITTAGONG HILL TRACTS – LIBERATION WAR OF BANGLADESH – A DEMAND FOR JUSTICE**

SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE – OPERATION EAGLE – GALLANTRY AWARD:

FROM,

R.Pratap Narayan,
103, Second Floor, Vamsi Residency,
Sri Ram Nagar Colony, Manikonda,
Hyderabad, A.P. – 500 089.

To,

The Prime Minister Of India,
NEW DELHI.

Respected Sir,

I request you to consider my brother’s letter to you. I hope that you will take appropriate steps to review the long pending case of my brother Mr. R.Rudra Narasimham. Gallantry Awards should be presented by the Nation as a mark of respect for the Service rendered to the Motherland. Justice delayed is considered as Justice denied.

I expect Justice to my brother from you in this case.

With regards,

Pratap Narayan.

Subject:- Operation Eagle – Military Operation of 1971 in Chittagong Hill Tracts – Prime Minister Indira Gandhi – The Cabinet Secretariat – “The Past is Never Dead.” – Regarding.

Reference:- Government of India Ministry of Defence Letter No. 3533/2009/D ( Cer ) dated 2nd/3rd December, 2009.

Sir,

1. Kindly direct the Under Secretary ( Cer ), Ministry of Defence, Government of India to take action as per the citation initiated by my Unit while I had participated in Operation Eagle under the authority sanctioned by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, Cabinet Secretariat, Government of India during 1971.

2.This military Operation was not ordered by the Defence Minister, and was not planned or executed by the orders that were issued by the Army Headquarters, Ministry of Defence,

3. Army Headquarters, and the Medical Directorate( DMS-Army ) had taken action during 1971 to send me on deputation to Special Frontier Force. They have no jurisdiction to invalidate the action taken by my Unit during its participation in Operation Eagle. Kindly ask me for any further clarification or information about the nature of military act for which my Unit recommended my name for the Award of ‘Vir Chakra’ Gallantry Award.

4. Ministry of Defence Army Headquarters has no legal authority to refuse the sanction of this gallantry award. Army Hqrs may be informed of the fact and the nature of military service rendered by me while I was on deputation at Hq Establishment No. 22 of Special Frontier Force. To conduct the Military Operation of 1971 in Chittagong Hill Tracts, we have taken orders direct from the Prime Minister and the Cabinet Secretariat.

5. I would ask you to uphold the dignity of the Prime Minister’s Office. The actions taken by the Cabinet Secretariat should be treated with respect by the Ministry of Defence and Army Hqrs.

6. Thanking You,

Yours Faithfully,

R. Rudra Narasimham, B.Sc., M.B.B.S.,
Service Number – MR-03277K MAJOR AMC/DPC
Service Number – MS-8466 Lieutenant/Captain AMC/SSC
Medical Officer South Column Operation Eagle 1971 Headquarters Establishment No.22 C/O 56 APO

THE RESPONSE FROM GOVERNMENT OF INDIA:

This response dated 02/03 December, 2009 does not suggest that no citation was initiated to consider the Award of Vir Chakra Gallantry Award. However, it carefully conceals the fact that the Military Operation specifically pertains to Operation Eagle for which the Rules of Engagement were prescribed by the Prime Minister of India and not by Indian Army.

This response from Military Secretary’s Branch Ministry of Defence(Army) categorically claims that it had not seen the Citation that recommended my name for the award of Vir Chakra Gallantry Award. The letter also carefully avoids any reference to name the Military Operation called Operation Eagle which was executed by the orders issued by the Prime Minister’s Office.Shri. S. Kumar, Deputy Director, Military Secretary’s Branch(X), Ministry of Defence(Army) is not telling the truth in this letter. If truth is concealed, it cannot serve the purpose of providing Justice. Indian Army must accept the truth. The truth is Indian Army or the Ministry of Defence have not issued the Rules of Engagement for the Military Operation called Operation Eagle. This Battle of 1971 was fought under a Battle Plan and Rules of Engagement issued by the Prime Minister’s office. The Rules for this War include the benefit of receiving Gallantry Awards as recommended. There is no time stipulated in this Battle Plan for receiving the Award. Indian Army cannot change the Rules of this Battle Plan for Operation Eagle.Shri. S. Kumar, Deputy Director, Military Secretary’s Branch(X), Ministry of Defence(Army) is not telling the truth in this letter. If truth is concealed, it cannot serve the purpose of providing Justice. Indian Army must accept the truth. The truth is Indian Army or the Ministry of Defence have not issued the Rules of Engagement for the Military Operation called Operation Eagle. This Battle of 1971 was fought under a Battle Plan and Rules of Engagement issued by the Prime Minister’s office. The Rules for this War include the benefit of receiving Gallantry Awards as recommended. There is no time stipulated in this Battle Plan for receiving the Award. Indian Army cannot change the Rules of this Battle Plan for Operation Eagle.

Shri. S. Kumar, Deputy Director, Military Secretary’s Branch(X), Ministry of Defence(Army) is not telling the truth in this letter. If truth is concealed, it cannot serve the purpose of providing Justice. Indian Army must accept the truth. The truth is Indian Army or the Ministry of Defence have not issued the Rules of Engagement for the Military Operation called Operation Eagle. This Battle of 1971 was fought under a Battle Plan and Rules of Engagement issued by the Prime Minister’s office. The Rules for this War include the benefit of receiving Gallantry Awards as recommended. There is no time stipulated in this Battle Plan for receiving the Award. Indian Army cannot change the Rules of this Battle Plan for Operation Eagle.

Lieutenant Governor of Andaman & Nicobar Islands(December 1985 to December 1989) – Lieutenant General(Retd) TS Oberoi, PVSM, VrC., former General Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Headquarters Southern Command, Pune, former Inspector General, Special Frontier Force, former Commandant, Headquarters Establishment No. 22. He is the tall person in this photo wearing a dark brown turban. I knew him since 1971. Under his able leadership, the Liberation of Bangladesh had commenced in the year 1971 during the India-Pakistan War. Apart from his military wisdom, he took good care of all men under his Command. While I was proceeding to the Chittagong Hill Tracts, he had individually greeted all the members of my team and had delayed the departure of aircraft to ensure that a hot breakfast was served to all the men boarding the aircraft. He paid personal attention to all the aspects of the military mission to ensure the well-being of men apart from achieving success in accomplishing the military task. The sense of warmth he radiated is easily felt when we meet him in person. When you meet him, you would instantly recognize that the Organization called Special Frontier Force is not a bunch of mercenaries fighting on behalf of a foreign government or Intelligence Agency. We had always received our orders directly from the Prime Minister’s office and the Cabinet Secretariat. His grandson provided me the link to this photo. Photo Credit – Trishna-Ajay-Picasa Web Album.

**A Personal Tribute to Colonel B K Narayan, The Regiment of Artillery, Indian Army.**

A Sermon in Kaptai, Bangladesh Ops 1971-72. A personal tribute to Colonel B K Narayan, Islamic Scholar who served in Olive Green Uniform. The Imam of Friday Prayer in Kaptai on December 17, 1971: Glorious Quran, Surah VIII, SPOILS OF WAR, Verse 01: “And if they incline to peace, incline thou also to it, and trust in Allah.Lo! He is the Hearer, the Knower.”

This image has an empty alt attribute; its file name is kaaba-07.jpg — **A Personal Tribute to Colonel B K Narayan, The Regiment of Artillery, Indian Army.**

A Sermon in Kaptai, Bangladesh Ops 1971-72. A personal tribute to Colonel B K Narayan, Islamic Scholar who served in Olive Green Uniform. The Imam of Friday Prayer in Kaptai on December 17, 1971: Glorious Quran, Surah VIII, SPOILS OF WAR, Verse 01: “And if they incline to peace, incline thou also to it, and trust in Allah.Lo! He is the Hearer, the Knower.”

The Science of Consciousness

Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Professor of Anatomy and Physiology, Dean of the Harvard Medical School 1847-1882. “To live is to function and that is all there is in living.” Life is defined by the nature of its living functions. Consciousness is the absolute characteristic of all living functions and so I define Life as “Knowledge in Action.”

Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Professor of Anatomy and Physiology, Dean of the Harvard Medical School 1847-1882 states, “To live is to function and that is all there is in living.” Life is defined by the nature of its living functions. What is that exists and knows that it exists?Consciousness is the absolute characteristic of all living functions and so I define Life as “Knowledge in Action.”

What is Consciousness?

Consciousness is described as a state of knowing, or awareness, or recognizing the existence, truth, or fact of ‘something’. What is that ‘something’ that is known or recognized by Consciousness? I propose to explore the contents of Consciousness to answer the question of what is Consciousness?

The Totality of Consciousness:

**The Rudi Connection at Whole Foods asks, What is Consciousness?**

The Science of Consciousness must explore and investigate the entire contents of Consciousness. By understanding the nature of experience provided by the Totality of Consciousness, the condition, the state, or the act of being Conscious will be explained.

Consciousness is a Mental Experience:

**The Rudi-Grant Connection promotes the study of Human Anatomy to learn about consciousness.**

The term consciousness is most widely used as meaning “attention to the contents or workings of one’s own mind.” English philosopher John Locke defined Consciousness as a psychological condition; it is described as the perception of what passes in a man’s own mind. In the Indian tradition, mental activities are of four kinds and collectively constitute what is named as Antahkarana; these are: 1. Manas or Manah- the seat of thoughts, 2. Buddhi or intellect and knowledge, 3. Chitta or the seat of emotions such as Kindness and Love, and 4. Ahamkara or self-ego. The mental experience or knowing of these activities of thoughts, intellect, moods, feelings, and self-ego describe Consciousness as a mental experience. Using this view, many philosophers, religious thinkers, and mystics have shared their experience of different levels of Consciousness and have given names to the higher levels or states of Consciousness. Terms such as Pure Consciousness, Cosmic Consciousness, and Super Consciousness may describe some kind of mental experience and such terms may not add any information to understand the Totality of Consciousness and its experience.

Consciousness is a Sense Experience:

What is Consciousness? Is it awareness of Sense Perception? Is it awareness of Thought? Is it awareness of Mood and Feeling? Is it awareness of Existence? Can there be any Perception without Existence? What is that Exists and Knows that it Exists?

**The Neural Correlates of Consciousness defined by Mormann & Koch explores Consciousness as a sense experience. It fails to understand the Totality of Consciousness.**

Consciousness is generally viewed as a form of relationship or act of the mind towards objects in nature. Consciousness has been described as a continuous field or stream of mental sense-data. Some biologists and neurophysiologists view Consciousness as a brain function and describe it as an exclusive function of the nerve cells; neuronal and axonal function. Dr. Florian Mormann and Dr. Christof Koch have defined Neural Correlates of Consciousness( Florian Mormann & Christof Koch(2007) NCC, Scholarpedia 2(12):1740 ) as the minimal neuronal mechanisms jointly sufficient for any one specific conscious percept. Further, Mormann & Koch state that, “Consciousness is a puzzling, state-dependent property of certain types of complex, biological, adaptive, and highly connected systems. A Science of Consciousness must strive to explain the exact relationship between phenomenal, mental states and brain states.” They have posed the question: ” What is the nature of the relationship between the immaterial, conscious mind and its physical basis in the electro-chemical interactions in the body? The answer to this question is very simple. Consciousness is related to a material substance that is called Protoplasm and electro-chemical interactions in the body describe the properties of this living substance or material. The brain cells and all other cells have the same basic features; they are constituted by Protoplasm which has a Biological Membrane to define the limits of the Cell. Mormann & Koch also erroneously suggest that, “Only a few particular systems can experience anything, why they are Conscious and other systems such as the enteric nervous system or the immune system are not Conscious.” The enteric nervous system does in fact provide a wide range of Conscious experiences. A baby would respond with a cry when it experiences gripes or colic. In the practice of Clinical Medicine, the evaluation of pain as a symptom and as a diagnostic clinical sign plays a very significant role. The pain experienced by an individual with gastrointestinal, or genitourinary problems, or from inflammation of tissues and organs, and from problems with skeleton and musculature is registered by Consciousness. The immune system behaves in a Conscious manner and displays specificity, selectivity, and memory. A Living Cell is a highly complex, biological, adaptive, and highly connected system known in Natural Science. A simple understanding of various cell functions would explain this issue. For example, mitochondria are organelles found within most cells which provide the cells with energy. Extensive protein translocation occurs in mitochondria where about one thousand different polypeptides are imported from the cytosol. This event is orchestrated by distinct translocation machineries in the outer and the inner mitochondrial membranes. Mitochondria display functional awareness and perform the task of oxidising sugars and fats in a deliberate, and sequential manner that involves the use of different enzymes to facilitate each chemical reaction.

Consciousness is a Physical or Body Experience – The concept of Homeostasis:

**The Rudi Connection at Whole Foods asks, What is Consciousness? Consciousness as a physical or body experience. The concept of Homeostasis.**

Apart from thoughts, intellect, feelings, moods, and perception of various sensory information, man is aware of the fact of and the state or condition of his physical existence. Man is aware or Conscious of hunger, thirst, and sexual drive. Man is aware of vital functions like respiration, and circulation. Man is alerted and often reacts with a sense of fear when these vital functions are disturbed or threatened in a significant manner. Consciousness or awareness includes awareness of bodily functions such as appetite, lack of appetite, nausea, vomiting sensation, deglutition (the act of swallowing food and drink), satiation, and the functions of excretion and the associated sensations like the fullness of the bladder, and rectum. The human organism has awareness of its internal condition such as the state of hydration, water and electrolyte balance, and acid/base balance. The chemical events collectively called “metabolism” require the concentration of hydrogen ions and electrolytes to remain within narrow limits in the tissue cells and in the fluids which bathes them. Body responds to both volume changes and changes in the osmotic pressure of the body fluids. Life is possible only if the hydrogen ion concentration of body fluid is kept within a narrow range. In health, a blood hydrogen ion concentration of 36-44 nmol/liter or pH 7.37 – 7.45 is maintained by several closely integrated but widely differing mechanisms. 19th century French physiologist Claude Bernard had defined “Homeostasis” as “all the vital mechanisms, varied as they are, have only one object; that of preserving constant the conditions of life.” All living things maintain a constant internal environment or Internal Milieu. Living cells and organisms are aware or Conscious of the environment in which they exist as well as the state of their own internal environment making possible to witness this phenomenon of Homeostasis.

Consciousness is a Cellular Experience:

**All the solid tissues in the human body consist of cells that are essentially similar to an Ovum.**

Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes, the former Dean of Harvard Medical School defines Life by stating that, “To live is to function and that is all there is in living.” Who or what is the subject who lives because of its living functions? Consciousness is a cellular experience of the cells of the brain and the body. It is an experience shared by the Whole Organism. It is an experience shared by all the living cells. The living functions of cells include uptake and conversion of nutrients, synthesis of new molecules, production of energy, and regulation and coordination of metabolic sequences apart from the function of reproduction by asexual cell division. All the solid tissues in the human body can be shown to consist largely of similar cells, differing it is true, but that are essentially similar to an ovum. The most significant feature of similarity between the cells is the presence of a soft, gelatinous, semi-fluid, granular material inside the cell. This substance known as Protoplasm is similar to that found in the ovum or the egg cell. This viscous, translucent, colloidal substance is enclosed in a membrane called Plasma Membrane or Biological Membrane. A small, spherical body called nucleus is embedded in the protoplasm. The protoplasm could be differentiated into cytoplasm/cytosol, and nucleoplasm based upon its location. Cytoplasm refers to protoplasm located outside the nucleus. Nucleoplasm refers to the protoplasm located inside the nucleus. The two essential features of any living cell in the human body are that of the presence of protoplasm and the nucleus. The most striking characteristics of protoplasm are its vital properties of Motion, and Nutrition. Protoplasm has the intrinsic power to change its shape and position and the motion is described as amoeboid movement as the motion is similar to the motion that is observed in Amoeba proteus. Nutrition is the power which protoplasm has of attracting or drawing the materials that are necessary for its growth and maintenance from surrounding matter/environment. Nutrition is not a passive, unguided, and physical event. The Biological Membrane or the Plasma Membrane allows a highly controlled exchange of matter across the barrier it poses; some compounds are able to pass through the Membrane easily, others are completely blocked. The Biological Membrane helps to maintain cell’s internal environment or constant interior milieu in which intracellular reactions occur. To maintain life, the cell not only repairs or replaces, (or both) its structures by continual synthesis of new organic molecules. This is characteristic of functional awareness or Consciousness that is at work at the cellular level. The human organism uses a repair process and it is described as Inflammation and Repair. Wound healing, and hemostasis (or blood leakage or bleeding from an injured blood vessel is controlled) are natural mechanisms operated by Cellular Consciousness. Human existence is possible because of this valuable and protective healing process which comes into immediate play after an injury or damage. Similarly, the human organism defines its identity and defends its existence by deploying unique protein molecules such as the antibodies. Antibodies recognize their antigens or foreign protein molecules with high affinity and extreme selectivity. The ability to develop specific immunity to infection is only one consequence of a wider capacity in the individual to recognize and to specifically respond to the foreignness of an extensive range of biological substances that are not normally present in the body of that individual. The adaptive immune system remembers that particular infectious agent and can prevent it causing disease later. The immune system consists of a variety of molecules and cells that are distributed throughout the body. They play an important role in inflammation, tissue damage and repair, the killing of bacteria, viruses, and tumor cells. Cellular Consciousness defends human existence.

**What is Consciousness? Cognition is a natural, biological function of all living things and of all the individual blocks of Life called Cells.**

A Living Cell is a highly complex, biological, adaptive, and highly connected system known in Natural Science.

**What is Consciousness? Can any function be performed without the cognitive element called functional awareness?**

A simple understanding of various cell functions would explain this issue. For example, mitochondria are organelles found within most cells which provide the cells with energy. Extensive protein translocation occurs in mitochondria where about one thousand different polypeptides are imported from the cytosol. This event is orchestrated by distinct translocation machineries in the outer and the inner mitochondrial membranes. Mitochondria display functional awareness and perform the task of oxidising sugars and fats in a deliberate, and sequential manner that involves the use of different enzymes to facilitate each chemical reaction.

Consciousness is a Social Experience:

What is Consciousness? The Social Awareness of Red Blood Cells: Metabolic Sensor in Red Cell, Ion Exchange Transport mechanism, Release of Nitric Oxide to modulate Vascular tone and to cause vasodilation.

Sociology lays claim to the whole of human life beyond the biological level because virtually all human activities possess a social aspect. Consciousness can be viewed as the capacity in an individual to form harmonious relations with others and to participate in or contribute constructively to changes in the social environment. Man is a social being and he is aware of the social structures and the social organization that he is part of. Parental instincts and social instincts describe an aspect of social behavior exhibited by all animals. Animals exhibit social behaviors and form parental societies to care for their offspring. Bacteria come together to live as colonies. At cellular level, the social aspect of Consciousness is reflected by the cell’s abilities such as association, cooperation, communication using signaling molecules, recognition, and functional subordination in its interactions with other living cells present in its environment. In an Ecological System, the Consciousness plays the role to establish the interrelatedness, the interdependence, and the interconnectedness.

Consciousness is a Moral Experience:

**What is Consciousness? Conscious versus Conscience**

Consciousness is the attribute of a conscientious person. Conscious behavior is often described as conscientious action that is scrupulous, characterized by or done with careful attention. Conscience describes awareness of one’s own acts and the application of knowledge to discern an act as right or wrong, good or evil, selfish or altruistic. Man has the intrinsic ability to recognize his acts of transgression or sinful conduct. Man is a creature with conscience and hence exists as a moral being.

Consciousness is a Spiritual Experience:

The word spiritual is often used to describe the fact of having a relationship based on sympathy of thought or feeling. Consciousness has a spiritual function as it establishes a relationship between the energy dependent living cell and its energy provider. The living cell is a thermodynamically unstable system. This means that without continuous input of energy, a cell will degrade spontaneously into a nonliving collection of molecules. The life’s journey of the human organism begins as a single cell, that of a fertilized egg cell. This single fertilized egg cell is Conscious of its existence, is Conscious of its energy dependence and it promptly connects itself to its energy provider. Human life begins to move forward when this egg cell implants itself into the maternal tissue and the biological mother has no cortical awareness of this implantation. Cortical awareness does not describe the Totality of Consciousness. The Science of Consciousness must describe the mental, the sensory, the physical, the cellular, the social, the moral, and the spiritual aspects of Consciousness.

Consciousness is Awareness of Existence in the given Environment:

The Ground Substance of Spiritualism and Spirituality. The vital characteristics, the animating principles of Protoplasm could be known by observing Amoeba proteus. The Living Substance works as an organ of Motion or Movement, as an organ of Nutrition, and as an organ of Reproduction to generate new cells which have a life span of their own. In these physiological functions, I describe the characteristics such as Cognition, Consciousness, Memory, and Intelligence which have a Spiritual role as they bring functional unity and harmony in the interactions between different parts of the same individual organism while it exists in an environment as a member of a biological community.

Consciousness describes the condition of an individual; the condition of knowing, awareness, or recognizing the fact, the state, and the act of existence or living in a given environment. Thus, Consciousness is a natural principle that could explain what an individual knows and experiences about the world around one and inside one. There are two aspects of Consciousness that is registered subjectively by an individual; 1. Consciousness is a state of knowing or awareness of what goes on around an individual, and 2. Consciousness is a state of knowing or awareness of what goes on within the individual. Who is this individual who has the ability to know and be aware of its external and internal environment? The term environment refers to all the conditions, circumstances, and influences surrounding, and affecting the existence of a given individual, or group of individuals. The individual is a living organism and the organism could be unicellular or multicellular.

Consciousness and Material Substance:

Consciousness is an absolute attribute of Life; it is the fundamental characteristic of living matter or living substance described as Protoplasm or Cytoplasm, the essential living matter or material substance of all animal, and plant cells. Wherever Protoplasm is found, irrespective of the size, shape, and form of the cell or of the living organism, the contents of its Consciousness could be discovered.

Consciousness – The Law of Individuality and Creation:

**Identity and Individuality are the two sides of the same Coin. The genome establishes the Identity, and Consciousness establishes the Individuality of a Living Cell or of a Living Organism.**

The contents of Consciousness vary from individual to individual. There are individualistic variations in the contents of Consciousness. There can never be two identical living individuals. Even when the cells are cloned and have the same or identical genomes, the state, or condition of Protoplasm that is Conscious is never identical. With the same genome, or different genomes, the living cells can only exist or live as individuals and they have no other choice. The living substance is the same, and the nature of Consciousness is the same and yet the contents of Consciousness are not the same. This Individualistic variation of Consciousness is the characteristic of what I describe as ‘The Law of Individuality and Creation’.

The Principles of Consciousness:

**Consciousness is the natural, vital principle that moves and animates all Life. The Living Cell knows the fact of its existence, it knows as to where it exists, and knows as to how it is existing.**

Consciousness is the natural principle, the vital principle that moves and animates all Life. It has a set of defining features; it is the principle by which a living cell or organism knows the fact of its own existence, it knows as to where it exists, and knows as to how it is existing. Cognition is described as the act of knowing. Cognitive Science involves the study of all human activities related to Knowledge. These activities include attention, creativity, memory, perception, problem solving, thinking, and the use of language. Cognition is the process involved in knowing, or the act of knowing which includes awareness and judgment. The nature of cognition, the relationship between the knowing mind and external reality, is applicable in the study of living functions that are characteristic of the living substance or material called Protoplasm. These functions at cellular level that require cognition include nutrition, reproduction, metabolism, and association with other living cells present in the immediate environment. The human brain is often viewed as the Seat of Knowledge. Human brain’s ability to acquire, process, store, and use of information is essentially a function of the cytoplasm of the brain cells. Cognitive functions like perception and memory would establish Protoplasm as the Seat of Knowledge.

Consciousness in the Multicellular Human Organism:

The Human Organism is an association of trillions of individual living cells. Consciousness serves the purpose of Functional Unity and all the cells display adaptive functional subordination to serve the purpose of the Whole Organism or the Individual. There are two distinct aspects of human Consciousness;1. The Capacity for Consciousness, and 2. The Contents of Consciousness.

The Reticular Formation of Brain Stem functions to maintain the Individuality of Man and at this location the Human Organism establishes its Identity as a Living Organism in its relationship with the rest of the human body and the external environment. The Brain Stem is irreplaceable and plays a crucial role in the diagnosis of Brain Death.

SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – THE KNOWER – THE KNOWING-SELF: IN THIS IMAGE OF HUMAN BRAIN, THE GREEN PORTION OF BRAIN STEM IS CALLED RETICULAR FORMATION. I AM PROPOSING TO CALL IT AS THE KNOWING-SELF AND IT IS THE “KNOWER” OF THE HUMAN BODY WHICH CONSTANTLY CHANGES ITS MORPHOLOGICAL APPEARANCE UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF TIME CALLED THE AGING PROCESS.

**What is Consciousness? I promote the study of Human Anatomy to learn about consciousness**

What is Consciousness? I formulate the Biological Law, I am Consciousness, Therefore I am. Cunningham’s Manual of Practical Anatomy has provided me the learning tools to know and understand Man’s External and Internal Reality and its Identity as described by Cells, Tissues, Organs,and Organ Systems.

There are two distinct aspects of human Consciousness namely the Capacity for Consciousness and the Contents of Consciousness. When Consciousness is viewed as a psychological or strictly as a mental function, it is represented by the Contents of Consciousness which is a function of the Cerebral Cortex. When Consciousness is understood as a biological or living function, it is represented by the aspect of Capacity for Consciousness. The upper brain-stem, the neural structures like the Reticular Formation, and Thalamus function to compose the contents of Consciousness and project the contents to the cerebral hemispheres via the tracts of the Ascending Reticular Activating System. The integrity of these neurons and neural connections is important to maintain the alertness, and Arousal State of the Whole Organism in its relationship to its environment and internal maintenance of coordination of various living functions.

Dr. Daniel John Cunningham( 1850-1909 ), Chair of Anatomy, University of Cambridge has provided this Manual of Practical Anatomy to help medical students dissect human cadavers and learn Human Anatomy. Whether humans know and understand Human Anatomy and Physiology or not, they come into existence with full functional knowledge of every constituent cell in the body. The Human Body has Innate Knowledge of its own Structure and Function. I had acquired this Knowledge from Uneducated individuals who had gifted their bodies to promote Medical Education. This is the learning tool that I would use to know and understand the External and Internal Reality and Identity of Man as described by Cells, Tissues, and Organ Systems that constitute the human organism.

I learned about the human body while dissecting the body in a systematic manner. The Manual of Practical Anatomy which guides us through this entire process was published in England. The author Dr. Daniel John Cunningham prepared the Manual while dissecting cadavers of British or Irish citizens. He had never encountered cadavers of Indian citizens. At Kurnool Medical College, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India, where I was a student, the Department of Anatomy obtains dead bodies from Government General Hospital Kurnool and most of the deceased are the poor, illiterate, and uneducated people of that region. None of the deceased had the chance to know this man called Cunningham and similarly, Cunningham had no knowledge about the existence of these people who arrive on our dissection tables. But, as the dissection of the human body proceeds, inch, by inch, we recognize the anatomical parts as described by Cunningham. The manual also lists some anatomical variations and we very often exchange information between various dissection tables and recognize the variations mentioned. The dissections also involve slicing the organs and studying them, both macroscopically, and microscopically. We did not miss any part of the human body. What is the Identity of this Human person or Human subject? How does the living Human organism maintains its Identity and Individuality? Apart from the Cultural Traditions of India, several Schools of Religious Thought claim that the Human Individual and its Identity is represented by Human Soul. Where does this Soul exist in the human body? What is the location if Soul is present in the living person? Does man have a soul?

The Grading of Consciousness in Clinical Medicine:

**The reaction of pupil to light beam is often tested in the neurological evaluation of Consciousness in the practice of Clinical Medicine.**

Apart from philosophers, psychologists, psychics, theologians and others, the term Consciousness is frequently used by the practitioners of Clinical Medicine. It is a useful term with several practical applications in the management of individuals with a variety of conditions that impact the neural functions, particularly the Arousal. In medical practice, the assessment and grading of Consciousness serves the purpose of being good predictor of the eventual long-term outcome or prognosis of the underlying disease or medical condition.

In Clinical Medicine, the medical practitioner evaluates the Level of Arousal or Alertness of his patient. The different levels of Consciousness are:

a. alert or awake, fully Conscious and fully Oriented to person, place, and time. This Orientation represents the normal operation of Higher Intellectual Functions. A person who is Conscious, but is under the influence of alcohol or other psychotropic drugs, neural stimulants or depressants may not be fully oriented.

b. phase of automatism – the person is not fully alert as in Sleep-walking, or recovering from the effects of anesthesia.

c. Lethargic – drowsy, sleepy, but easily arousable.

d. Delirium – a state of mental confusion, a toxic condition, altered physical, and mental state or condition.

e. Stupor – semiconscious, responsive only to painful stimuli.

f. Coma – Unconscious or not responsive to painful stimuli.

Similarly, the Edinburgh method of grading Consciousness is :

Grade 0 – Fully Conscious

Grade 1 – drowsy but responsive to vocal command.

Grade 2 – Unconscious but responsive to minimal painful stimuli.

Grade 3 – Unconscious but just responsive to strong painful stimuli.

Grade 4 – Unconscious with no response to verbal commands and all other painful stimuli.

The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS ) is universally used in the assessment of the head injury victim. This Scale measures and provides a score that ranges from 3 to 15 points by evaluating three kinds of responses from the patient.

1. Eye Opening : Spontaneous eye opening=4; Eye opening in response to command=3; Eye opening in response to painful stimuli=2; and no response of eye opening=1.

2. Motor Response : Obeys commands=6; Localizes pain=5; Shows flexion( decorticate ) response to pain=3; Shows extension ( decerebrate ) response to pain=2; and no response( no reflex muscular activity )=1.

3. Vocal Response: Oriented to person, place, and time=5; Confused=4; Shows inappropriate speech=3; Makes incomprehensible sounds=2; and no vocal sounds=1.

Such neurological evaluations are repeated periodically to record significant changes in the medical condition of the patient. However, it must be noted that Clinical Medicine always evaluates totality of all living functions and the medical usage of the terms Conscious and Unconscious represent a careful interpretation in the context of the medical condition of the patient.

The Neural Correlates of Consciousness defined by Mormann & Koch basically ignores the existence of specific Conscious percept like NUTRITION by which the Living Organism shows its awareness of Energy dependence for its existence or living.

Special Frontier Force Demands the United States to Recognize the McMahon Line in Kashmir

In my analysis, the United States will not be able to support the military mission of Special Frontier Force without recognizing the McMahon Line in Kashmir. On behalf of Special Frontier Force I demand the United States to duly recognize the McMahon Line in Kashmir apart from recognizing it in Arunachal Pradesh to contain China’s military expansionism in Southeast Asia. In the past, China grabbed the Aksai Chin area of Kashmir taking the full advantage of the weakness of the US Policy in Southeast Asia.

Special Frontier Force demands the United States to recognize the McMahon Line in Kashmir. REMEMBERING THE 1962 INDIA-CHINA WAR : The McMahon Line in India’s North East Frontier Agency or the State of Arunachal Pradesh. The Top Secret of 1962 War is the number of Chinese soldiers that were killed and injured during their military attack. Communist China must take courage and admit the true numbers. This War was not a total loss. India learned its lesson. We had a spectacular Military Victory during 1971 during our Bangladesh Liberation War.

Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary for South and Central Asian Affairs Alice Wells: Discussion on India and the Indo-Pacific

REMARKS

THE ATLANTIC COUNCIL

WASHINGTON, DC

MAY 21, 2020

As delivered on 5/20/20.

Mr. Kempe: Hello, everyone. I’m Fred Kempe. I’m President and CEO of the Atlantic Council and I’m delighted to have you in this virtual room with two of my favorite people, and I’ll get to that in a second, but there are not two more people more knowledgeable in their fields or more accomplished in their work as diplomats.

We talk a lot about social distance. We like to call it Atlantic Council geographic distance because we feel through these meetings we can bring all of you closer together socially and intellectually.

As a reminder, today’s meeting, which is a discussion on India and the Indo-Pacific, is public and on the record.

We are fortunate today to be joined by Ambassador Alice Wells, Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for South and Central Asian Affairs. We’re especially grateful to host Ambassador Wells today. She will be retiring after an enormously distinguished 31 year career serving as a diplomat with the U.S. Department of State this Saturday.

Ambassador Wells assumed her duties as Acting Assistant Secretary for South and Central Asia in June 2017. I’m delighted to say that the Atlantic Council has had the good fortune of working with her and hosting her several times during this tenure.

Prior to her current post, Ambassador Wells served as the U.S. Ambassador to the Kingdom of Jordan, one of the most important positions in that region; a Senior Advisor in the Near Eastern Affairs Bureau in Department of State; Special Assistant to the President for Russia and Central Asia; and much more. During her time in the Foreign Service she served in U.S. embassies in New Delhi, Islamabad, in Riyadh. In short, she knows the world and she knows her stuff.

Alice, please allow me once again to thank you for your distinguished service.

We’re also joined by Ambassador Richard Verma, Vice Chair and Partner to the Asia Group and former U.S. Ambassador to India from 2014 to 2017.

Ambassador Verma has a distinguished career also over the past 25 years, serving across the U.S. government as Assistant Secretary of State for Legislative Affairs, Senior National Security Advisor to the Senate Majority Leader, and as Judge Advocate in the U.S. Air Force.

Our two participants, as I said earlier, are two of the most knowledgeable and accomplished individuals working on India and the Indo-Pacific. I look forward, as we all do on this virtual call, to your conversation. So Alice, Rich, it’s a pleasure to know you and it’s going to be a great pleasure to listen to you.

I think Alice, you’re going to kick us off, Ambassador Wells will kick us off with some opening remarks, and then we’ll ask Rich to moderate the event.

Ambassador Verma:

Let me turn to another frankly tense issue which is the border standoff. As you noted, Indian and Chinese forces often coming into contact with each other perhaps more frequently, even in the last week or so additional security challenges on that front. How much does that worry you? Can you give us a sense, are there de-escalatory measures that can be taken? This 2200 mile contested border presents some real security challenges for the Indian side.

Ambassador Wells: I think for anyone who was under any illusions that Chinese aggression was only rhetorical, I think they need to speak to India where India on a weekly, monthly, but certainly a very regular basis has to experience the pinpricks of Chinese military. It’s a reminder of what’s at stake in building a world order and sustaining a world order that respects sovereignty, territorial integrity, as well as respects the rules of international trade that have allowed, again, so many hundreds of millions to be lifted out of poverty.

We in the United States recognize the McMahon Line.

We’ve always recognized Arunachal Pradesh as an Indian state. We certainly urge India and China on the Line of Actual Control to engage diplomatically to resolve any outstanding differences. But this is, if you look to the South China Sea, there’s a method here to Chinese operations and it is that constant aggression, the constant attempt to shift the norms, to shift what is the status quo, that has to be resisted whether it’s in the South China Sea where we’ve done a group sail with India or whether it’s in India’s own backyard, both on land as well as in the Indian Ocean.

November 14- The Birth Anniversary of Special Frontier Force – Establishment No. 22 – Vikas Regiment

The History of Special Frontier Force – Establishment No. 22 – Vikas Regiment: “AHIMSA PARAMO DHARMA; DHARMA HIMSA TATHIVA CHA.” Both India and Tibet recognize Non-Violence or Ahimsa as the highest principle. The military organization, Special Frontier Force-Establishment No. 22-Vikas Regiment represents the second part of the statement; Violence or Himsa is equally the highest principle when it is necessary to defend the righteous.

November 14 – The Birth Anniversary of Special Frontier Force – Establishment 22 – Vikas Regiment. AHIMSA PARAMO DHARMA; DHARMA HIMSA TATHIVA CHA.” Both India and Tibet recognize Non-Violence or Ahimsa as the highest principle. The military organization, Special Frontier Force-Establishment No. 22-Vikas Regiment represents the second part of the statement; Violence or Himsa is equally the highest principle when it is necessary to defend the righteous.

The military organization which is known as Special Frontier Force – Establishment 22 – Vikas Regiment came into its existence during the presidency of Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, the second President of the Republic of India, 13 May 1962 to 13 May 1967.

**India’s first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru was the architect of Special Frontier Force – Establishment No. 22 – Vikas Regiment**: “AHIMSA PARAMO DHARMA; DHARMA HIMSA TATHIVA CHA.” Both India and Tibet recognize Non-Violence or Ahimsa as the highest principle. The military organization, Special Frontier Force-Establishment No. 22-Vikas Regiment represents the second part of the statement; Violence or Himsa is equally the highest principle when it is necessary to defend the righteous.

India’s first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru is the architect of this military organization and hence the 14th Day of November, his birthday is linked to the birth of this organization. While Special Frontier Force is a product of Cold War Era secret diplomacy, I would like to share my personal story, the events from early childhood, that shaped the rest of my life and has formulated my bonding with this Organization and my desire to accomplish its military mission.

September 05-Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan's birthday — **September 05. Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan’s birthday. The history of Special Frontier Force-Establishment No. 22-Vikas Regiment**: “AHIMSA PARAMO DHARMA; DHARMA HIMSA TATHIVA CHA.” Both India and Tibet recognize Non-Violence or Ahimsa as the highest principle. The military organization, Special Frontier Force-Establishment No. 22-Vikas Regiment represents the second part of the statement; Violence or Himsa is equally the highest principle when it is necessary to defend the righteous.

Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan belonged to Mylapore, Madras City (Chennai) and his daughter, Rukmini was married to the younger brother of my maternal grandfather, Dr. Kasturi. Narayana Murthy, M.D., who lived at 2/37 Kutchery Road in Mylapore. I was born at 2/37 Kutchery Road, Mylapore, my grandfather’s residence. While I lived in Mylapore and later during my regular summer vacations spent in Madras City, I used to visit Dr. Radhakrishnan’s daughter’s residence daily. At that time, Dr. Radhakrishnan served as the first Vice President of India (1952-1962). I clearly remember the celebration of 2500th Birth Anniversary of Gautama Buddha on May 24, 1956, while I was in Mylapore, Madras City (Chennai), and in India’s capital of New Delhi, the celebration was attended by His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama and the 10th Panchen Lama Rinpoche. The Institution of Dalai Lama is the central focus of Tibetan Cultural Identity and Tibetan national character.

Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan and the history of Special Frontier Force-Establishment No. 22: In India, school children celebrate Dr. Radhakrishnan's birthday(05 September) as Teacher's Day and every year that I spent as a student, I had a special reason to remember my family connection with his daughter. — Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan and the history of Special Frontier Force -Establishment No. 22 – Vikas Regiment: In India, school children celebrate Dr. Radhakrishnan’s birthday(05 September) as Teacher’s Day and every year that I spent as a student, I had a special reason to remember my family connection with his daughter and the Indian President. He had correctly predicted the need for military action to fight injustice and during his Presidency, India bravely resisted the Chinese aggression and thousands of Indian Army soldiers gave their precious lives to defend India. It inspired me to serve in the Indian Armed Forces to continue the task of opposing, and resisting the threat posed by Communist China.

India – Tibet Relations From 1950 to 1962:

The history of Special Frontier Force-Establishment No. 22: The Celebration of 2500th Anniversary of the birth of Gautama Buddha(Buddha Jayanti) in New Delhi on May 24, 1956 displays the historical connection between India, and Tibet. Prime Minister Nehru, President Rajendra Prasad, the 14th Dalai Lama, and the 10th Panchen Lama, Rinpoche are seen in this photo image. Becuase of Gautama Buddha, India, and Tibet are natural allies. But, the complex, political, and military relationship developed as a reaction to People's Republic of China's invasion of Tibet in 1950. — The history of Special Frontier Force – Establishment No. 22 – Vikas Regiment: The Celebration of 2500th Anniversary of the birth of Gautama Buddha (Buddha Jayanti) in New Delhi on May 24, 1956 displays the historical connection between India, and Tibet. Prime Minister Nehru, President Rajendra Prasad, the 14th Dalai Lama, and the 10th Panchen Lama, Rinpoche are seen in this photo image. Because of Gautama Buddha, India, and Tibet are natural allies. But, the complex, political, and military relationship developed as a reaction to the People’s Republic of China’s invasion of Tibet in 1950.

The History of Special Frontier Force-Establishment No. 22: The President of India Babu Rajendra Prasad with the visiting His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama, and Panchen Lama Rinpoche. India, and Tibet, during 1956 tried to resolve the crisis imposed by China using peaceful, diplomatic negotiations. — The History of Special Frontier Force – Establishment No. 22 – Vikas Regiment: The President of India Babu Rajendra Prasad with the visiting His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama, and Panchen Lama Rinpoche. India, and Tibet, during 1956 tried to resolve the crisis imposed by China using peaceful, diplomatic negotiations.

The History of Special Frontier Force-Establishment No. 22: The military occupation of Tibet by Communist China had shaped the historical, cultural, religious relationship between India, and Tibet. It commenced an entirely new era in which both India, and Tibet are driven by the same kind of security concerns. Prime Minister Chou En-Lai represents the face of that danger that forced Prime Minister to know and appreciate the nature of Tibetan Nation as represented by the 14th Dalai Lama, and the 10th Panchen Lama Rinpoche. — The History of Special Frontier Force – Establishment No. 22 – Vikas Regiment: The military occupation of Tibet by Communist China had shaped the historical, cultural, religious relationship between India, and Tibet. It commenced an entirely new era in which both India and Tibet are driven by the same kind of security concerns. Prime Minister Chou En-Lai represents the face of that danger that forced Prime Minister Nehru to know and appreciate the nature of Tibetan Nation as represented by the 14th Dalai Lama and the 10th Panchen Lama Rinpoche.

India had achieved its full independence from British rule on August 15, 1947. India became the Republic of India on January 26, 1950. Dr. Babu Rajendra Prasad became the first President of the Republic of India. The first general elections were held in 1952, and Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, who was at that time-serving as India’s ambassador to the Soviet Union, was elected as the first Vice President and he had served a second term as the Vice President from 1957 to 1962. India witnessed a major military threat to its Himalayan frontier when the People’s Republic of China sent its army during October 1950 to occupy Tibet while Tibetans had no ability to resist such a massive, military invasion of their territory. Tibet tried to resolve the issue using diplomacy. Tibet requested India to bring the issue to the attention of the United Nations to adopt a resolution against the Communist invasion. At that time Tibet was still following the policy of political isolationism, and neutralism and was not recognized by the United Nations as a member nation. The United States was fighting the Korean War and was fully interested in preventing the spread of Communism in Asia. However, Tibet did not request direct, US military intervention. India did not have the necessary military force of its own to intervene inside Tibet. At the same time, India had also actively pursued its own policy of political neutralism that is known as the Nonaligned Movement to reduce the political tensions caused by the Cold War. India thought that the crisis in Tibet could be resolved by directly negotiating with China without involving the United Nations. During 1951 Communist China had imposed a 17-Point Agreement on Tibet while Tibetans had no capacity to defend their rights; the Agreement of the Central People’s Government and the Local Government of Tibet on 23rd May 1951 to take measures for the “Peaceful Liberation of Tibet.” China started quoting this agreement to justify its illegal and unjust military occupation of Tibet. It must be clearly understood that the Great Fifth Dalai Lama founded the “Ganden Phodrang” Government of Tibet in 1642. The successive Dalai Lamas have headed the Tibetan State for nearly four centuries. Towards the end of the Qing Dynasty or Ching Dynasty, the Great 13th Dalai Lama declared Tibet’s Independence from Manchu China. From 1911 to 1950 – 39-Years, Tibet was an independent Nation before the creation of this political entity called The People’s Republic of China.

The history of Special Frontier Force-Establishment No. 22: The photo image of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama in Peking. Tibet tried its very best to appease the Communist Chairman Mao Tse-Tung until 1954-1955. China took full political, and military advantage of Tibet's isolationism. — The history of Special Frontier Force – Establishment No. 22 – Vikas Regiment: The photo image of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama in Peking. Tibet tried its very best to appease the Communist Party Chairman Mao Tse-Tung until 1954-1955. China took full political, and military advantage of Tibet’s isolationism and took every possible measure to deny the freedom that Tibetans had enjoyed for several centuries in spite of sporadic foreign invasions by the Mongols, and later by the Manchus. In the past, the foreign rulers of Tibet did not intervene in Tibet’s internal affairs and their traditional style of governance through the institution of the Dalai Lama or the “Ganden Phodrang” Government continued for four centuries.

The History of Special Frontier Force-Establishment No. 22: His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama with India's President and Vice President. Both India, and Tibet had strongly desired to resolve the conflict with communist China using diplomacy. — The History of Special Frontier Force – Establishment No. 22 – Vikas Regiment: His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama with India’s President and Vice President. Both India and Tibet had strongly desired to resolve the conflict with communist China using diplomacy. The existence of an autonomous Tibetan nation serves the best interests of Indian national security.

The History of Special Frontier Force-Establishment No. 22: India and Tibet had no intentions to formulate a military alliance/pact in response to China's military occupation. They had expected that China would consent to release its military grip and allow full autonomy. A banquet held in Ashoka Hotel, New Delhi in 1956 to honour the visiting Head of State, the 14th Dalai Lama of Tibet. — The History of Special Frontier Force – Establishment No. 22 – Vikas Regiment: India and Tibet had no intentions to formulate a military alliance/pact in response to China’s military occupation. They had expected that China would consent to release its military grip and allow full autonomy. A banquet held in Ashoka Hotel, New Delhi in 1956 to honor the visiting Head of State, the 14th Dalai Lama of Tibet who is seen seated between Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and his daughter Ms. Indira Gandhi.

The History of Special Frontier Force-Establishment No. 22: Both India, and Tibet desired friendly, and peaceful relations with China. Prime Minister Chou En-Lai is seen here with the 14th Dalai Lama, Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, and his daughter Ms. Indira Gandhi. These efforts towards peaceful co-existence with Communist China had utterly failed during 1957-58. — The History of Special Frontier Force – Establishment No. 22 – Vikas Regiment: Both India and Tibet desired friendly and peaceful relations with China. Prime Minister Chou En-Lai is seen here with the 14th Dalai Lama, Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, and his daughter Ms. Indira Gandhi. These efforts towards peaceful co-existence with Communist China had utterly failed during 1957-58.

The history of Special Frontier Force-Establishment No. 22: India and Tibet tried to cultivate a friendly relationship with China and its failure was caused by China's policy of Expansionism. — The history of Special Frontier Force – Establishment No. 22 – Vikas Regiment: India and Tibet tried to cultivate a friendly relationship with China and its failure was caused by China’s policy of Expansionism.

The History of Special Frontier Force-Establishment No. 22: India desired to promote international peace and tried to avoid armed conflicts. The burden imposed by China's military occupation of Tibet was viewed with concern, but India tried the use of diplomacy and avoid war. A ceremony to honor Prime Minister Chou En-Lai , and the 14th Dalai Lama during their visit to New Delhi in 1956. — The History of Special Frontier Force – Establishment No. 22 – Vikas Regiment: India desired to promote international peace and tried to avoid armed conflicts. The burden imposed by China’s military occupation of Tibet was viewed with concern, but India tried the use of diplomacy and avoid war. A ceremony to honor Prime Minister Chou En-Lai, and the 14th Dalai Lama during their visit to New Delhi in 1956.

The History of Special Frontier Force-Establishment No. 22: This photo image of Prime Minister Chou En-Lai, Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, and the 14th Dalai Lama demonstrates the desire of India to promote peaceful co-existence. Establishment No. 22 represents the failure of India's peace initiative. The military occupation of Tibet is not a friendly posture and China could not be trusted as a friend. — The History of Special Frontier Force – Establishment No. 22 – Vikas Regiment: The photo images of Prime Minister Chou En-Lai, Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, and the 14th Dalai Lama demonstrate the desire of India to promote peaceful co-existence. Establishment No. 22 represents the failure of India’s peace initiative. The military occupation of Tibet is not a friendly posture and China could not be trusted as a friend.

While Tibet tried its very best to please the Communist leaders of China, India had also pursued a similar policy to befriend China to address the problem of the military threat posed by the military occupation of Tibet. The “Panchsheela” Agreement of 1954 between India and the People’s Republic of China recognized Chinese sovereignty over Tibet, and India had agreed to withdraw its very small, military presence in Tibet. India believed that China would grant full autonomy to Tibet and preserve the political, and cultural institutions of Tibet. It must be noted that Tibet had not recognized or endorsed the agreement made by India and China.

The history of Special Frontier Force-Establishment No. 22: Chinese Prime Minister Zhou Enlai visited New Delhi, India in June 1954 after his initiative called the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence(PANCHSHEEL). The first President of India, Rajendra Prasad(first right), Vice President Radhakrishnan third right, and India's Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru is at the far left. — The history of Special Frontier Force – Establishment No. 22 – Vikas Regiment: Chinese Prime Minister Zhou Enlai visited New Delhi, India in June 1954 after his initiative called the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence (PANCHSHEEL). The first President of India, Rajendra Prasad (first right), Vice President Radhakrishnan third right, and India’s Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru is at the far left.

The history of Special Frontier Force-Establishment No. 22: Indian Vice President Dr. Radhakrishnan made an unsuccessful attempt to resolve the problem of the military occupation of Tibet. He had visited Peking during September 1957 and met with various Communist Party leaders including Chairman Mao tse-Tung, and President Liu Shao-Chi(Liu Shaoqi), and Party General Secretary Teng Hsiao-Ping(Deng Xiaoping). — The history of Special Frontier Force – Establishment No. 22 – Vikas Regiment: Indian Vice President Dr. Radhakrishnan made an unsuccessful attempt to resolve the problem of the military occupation of Tibet. He had visited Peking during September 1957 and met with various Communist Party leaders including Chairman Mao Tse-Tung, and President Liu Shao-Chi (Liu Shaoqi), and Party General Secretary Teng Hsiao-Ping (Deng Xiaoping).

The history of Special Frontier Force-Establishment No. 22: Indian Vice President Radhakrishnan had visited Peking during September 1957 and could not get any concessions from the Communist leaders. China had determined to pursue a policy of Expansionism and had tripled the size of its country. — The history of Special Frontier Force – Establishment No. 22 – Vikas Regiment: Indian Vice President Radhakrishnan had visited Peking during September/October 1957 and could not get any concessions from the Communist leaders. China had determined to pursue a policy of Expansionism and had tripled the size of its country using its superior military power.

6 November 1961: President John F. Kennedy and Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru arriving at Andrews Air Force Base and being greeted by Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson and Lady Bird Johnson, Secretary of State Dean Rusk and Mrs. Rusk, General Lyman Lemnitzer, and embassy staff members. United States Ambassador to India John Kenneth Galbraith also attends. President Kennedy and Prime Minister Nehru make addresses on a speaker’s stand, inspect troops, go through a reception line, and board a U.S. Army helicopter.

November 1961. The History of Special Frontier Force – Establishment No. 22 – Vikas Regiment: “AHIMSA PARAMO DHARMA; DHARMA HIMSA TATHIVA CHA.” Both India and Tibet recognize Non-Violence or Ahimsa as the highest principle. The military organization, Special Frontier Force-Establishment No. 22-Vikas Regiment represents the second part of the statement; Violence or Himsa is equally the highest principle when it is necessary to defend the righteous.

The Origin of Special Frontier Force -Establishment No. 22 – Vikas Regiment:

The history of Special Frontier Force-Establishment No. 22: 1957 was a turning point. India had recognized that its foreign policy of political neutralism was of no use and had started depending upon the United States to address the military threat posed by China's occupation of Tibet. But, the effort was too modest and both India and the United States had grossly underestimated the strength of the People's Liberation Army. — The history of Special Frontier Force – Establishment No. 22 – Vikas Regiment: 1957 was a turning point. India had recognized that its foreign policy of political neutralism was of no use and had started depending upon the United States to address the military threat posed by China’s occupation of Tibet. But, the effort was too modest and both India and the United States had grossly underestimated the strength of the People’s Liberation Army. Camp Hale at Colorado represents one aspect of CIA operation and had been called ST CIRCUS.

The need for the use of military force became inevitable after China made it abundantly clear that it would not negotiate its military occupation of Tibet and would not allow the traditional form of Tibetan Government as represented by the Institution of the Dalai Lama. The Tibetan Resistance Movement began with a very modest attempt to train some Tibetan nationals to fight the Chinese People’s Liberation Army that occupied Tibet.

The history of Special Frontier Force-Establishment No. 22 can be traced back to 1957-58 when the CIA launched Operation ST CIRCUS. This Commemoration on September 10, 2010 was the first time that US had officially acknowledge the CIA operation with the Tibetans and it includes the Mustang(Nepal) Operation. — The history of Special Frontier Force – Establishment No. 22 – Vikas Regiment can be traced back to 1957-58 when the CIA launched Operation ST CIRCUS. This Commemoration on September 10, 2010, was the first time that the US had officially acknowledge the CIA operation with the Tibetans and it includes the Mustang(Nepal) Operation.

In 1957 it became very clear that Communist China would not relax its military grip over Tibet, and the hopes for limited Tibetan autonomy evaporated. Both India, and Tibet had agreed to seek American military intervention, and it must be believed that India had only wanted a covert, military operation to build and establish a Tibetan Resistance Movement to challenge and overthrow the Chinese military regime in Tibet. The climax of this Tibetan Resistance was during March 1959, and China using its vastly superior military power had easily crushed this Tibetan Uprising. His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama had no choice; he and his close followers fled Tibet to seek political asylum in India.

The history of Special Frontier Force-Establishment No. 22: The arrival of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama in India to seek political asylum represents the failure of CIA's covert operation inside Tibet. CIA had grossly underestimated the intelligence capabilities of Communist China. — The history of Special Frontier Force – Establishment No. 22 – Vikas Regiment: The arrival of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama in India to seek political asylum represents the failure of CIA’s covert operation inside Tibet. CIA had grossly underestimated the intelligence capabilities of Communist China.

The history of Special Frontier Force-Establishment No. 22: The Journey of a political refugee. His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama had arrived in India during March 1959 and was presented a Guard of Honor by the Assam Rifles. — The history of Special Frontier Force – Establishment No. 22 – Vikas Regiment: The Journey of a political refugee. His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama had arrived in India on 31 March 1959 and was presented a Guard of Honor by the Assam Rifles in the Tawang Sector of the North-East Frontier Agency which is renamed as Arunachal Pradesh.

The history of Special Frontier Force-Establishment No. 22: Indian President Babu Rajendra Prasad had received His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama with due dignity reflecting India's belief that the Dalai Lama is the traditional Head of Tibet, an autonomous nation. — The history of Special Frontier Force – Establishment No. 22 – Vikas Regiment: Indian President Babu Rajendra Prasad had received His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama with due dignity reflecting India’s belief that the Dalai Lama is the traditional Head of Tibet, an autonomous nation.

The history of Special Frontier Force-Establishment No. 22: The military tyranny imposed by Communist China's occupation had forced Tibet to break-free from its traditional policy of political isolationism and it is not a big surprise to find India as its natural ally. President Radhakrishnan is seen with His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama. — The history of Special Frontier Force – Establishment No. 22 – Vikas Regiment: The military tyranny imposed by Communist China’s occupation had forced Tibet to break-free from its traditional policy of political isolationism and it is not a big surprise to find India as its natural ally. Vice President Radhakrishnan is seen with His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama.

The 1962 India – China War:

I must admit that the Chinese brutal attacks across the Himalayan frontier during October 1962 came as a shocking surprise to me and to most people all over India. To some extent, India, Tibet, and the United States had lacked the intelligence capabilities to know the intentions and the capabilities of their enemy. The costs of this 1962 War would be known if China takes courage and openly admits the numbers of its soldiers wounded, or killed in action. China paid a heavy price and had utterly failed to obtain legitimacy for its military occupation of Tibet.

Truths about the 1962 India-China War — The history of Special Frontier Force – Establishment No. 22 – Vikas Regiment: The 1962 War between India and China paved the way towards a better understanding of India’s security concerns and the need for military alliance/pact with a friendly power like the United States to meet the challenge posed by Communist China. I appreciate Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru for his idealistic views and aspiration to be known as a peacemaker. He finally recognized the need for a strong, well-equipped Army.

The 1962 War of Aggression launched by Communist China had a decisive influence on my personal life. I was a college student, and I was in the first year of my 3-year Bachelor of Science degree course. I felt a strong urge to join India’s Armed Forces to specifically address the military threat posed by China. The 1962 War was a conflict imposed by China to teach India a lesson. Later, official documents released by China describe that Chairman Mao Tse-Tung took punitive action to teach a lesson to India when it launched a massive war of retribution attacking Indian Army positions across the entire Himalayan frontier in October 1962. Chairman Mao Tse-Tung was angered by the support extended by India to Tibet to counter the military occupation. Chairman Mao had resented India’s role in helping the covert operation of the Central Intelligence Agency and had called it an “Imperialist” conspiracy or plot against China. China had utterly failed to achieve its objectives and the War ended when China declared a unilateral ceasefire on November 21, 1962, and withdrew from the captured Himalayan territory. It should be noted that India did not request China to declare this ceasefire. India did not promise that it will withhold the support that it extends to the Tibetan Government-in-Exile. The Secret White House Recordings of the US President John F Kennedy reveal that Kennedy had threatened to nuke China in 1962 and I must say that the threat achieved its purpose and had forced China to stop its military aggression and withdraw unilaterally without demanding any concessions from India, or Tibet.

The Birth of Special Frontier Force -Establishment No. 22 -Vikas Regiment:

November 14 – Birth Anniversary of Special Frontier Force – Establishment No. 22 – Vikas Regiment: I served in this military organization from September 22, 1971 to December 18, 1974. I was not a mercenary working for a foreign government or Agency. I was fully involved and was prepared to defend the legitimate border between India and Tibet as established by the McMahon Treaty and the Simla Agreement of 1914 between India and Tibet. We as an organization defended our own territory to defend our natural rights. We were fully ready to conduct offensive operations against our Enemy if the Enemy attacks us during the conduct of our military mission.

President John F. Kennedy immediately responded to the Chinese attack on India. Apart from the delivery of arms and ammunition, and other military supplies, American aircraft carried out photo missions over the Indo-Tibetan border.

**Gyalo Thondup, the elder brother of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama played a critical role in raising the Tibetan Force and in formulating the trilateral military alliance with India and the U.S.**

In a meeting held on November 19, 1962 at the White House, President Kennedy, Dean David Rusk (Secretary of State), Averell Harriman (Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs), Robert McNamara (Secretary of Defense), General Paul Adams (Chief of the US Strike Command), John Kenneth Galbraith (US Ambassador to India), John Alexander McCone (Director of Central Intelligence Agency), Desmond Fitzgerald (the Far Eastern CIA Chief), James Critchfield (the Near East CIA Chief), John Kenneth Knaus (CIA’s Tibet Task Force), and David Blee(CIA Station Chief in New Delhi) had decided upon a military aid package in support of the newly created military organization in India which was initially named as Establishment No. 22 with its Headquarters in Chakrata, Uttar Pradesh.

Whole Dude-Whole Master: This is a special tribute to Spymaster John Alexander McCone who served as CIA's 6th Director from November 1961 to April 1965. — **Whole Dude-Whole Master: This is a special tribute to Spymaster John Alexander McCone who served as CIA’s 6th Director from November 1961 to April 1965.**

**Desmond FitzGerald was serving as the Far Eastern CIA Chief in November 1962 at the time of raising Establishment 22 and Special Frontier Force**

Later the name Special Frontier Force was added to describe the location of its headquarters in New Delhi.

The History of Special Frontier Force-Establishment No. 22: In the Cold War Era of Silence and Secrecy, India was fortunate to find the Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs, Averell Harriman who played a crucial role in developing the military response to the 1962 War. — The History of Special Frontier Force – Establishment No. 22 – Vikas Regiment: In the Cold War Era of Silence and Secrecy, India was fortunate to find the Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs, Averell Harriman who played a crucial role in developing the military response to the 1962 War.

The History of Special Frontier Force-Establishment No. 22: John Kenneth Galbraith, the US Ambassador to India played a very helpful role to bring India, and the United States to come together on mutual security concerns and to fight the threat posed by Communism. This photo image is from 1961 taken during Prime Minister Nehru's visit to Washington D.C. — The History of Special Frontier Force – Establishment No. 22 – Vikas Regiment: John Kenneth Galbraith, the US Ambassador to India played a very helpful role to bring India, and the United States to come together on mutual security concerns and to build a personal relationship between the leaders. This photo image is from 1961 taken during Prime Minister Nehru’s visit to Washington D.C.

**9 November 1961**
Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru (white hat) departs the White House following a meeting with President John F. Kennedy (at right, with back to camera). Also pictured: Indian Ambassador to the United States, B.K. Nehru (behind President Kennedy); United Press International (UPI) photographer, James K. W. Atherton (far left). West Wing Entrance, White House, Washington, D.C.

The History of Special Frontier Force-Establishment No. 22: People's Republic of China could not alter the course of India's foreign policy. The 1962 War launched by China ended very abruptly when China declared unilateral ceasefire and withdrew from the captured territory on November 21, 1962. President Kennedy played a decisive role by threatening to "NUKE" China. — The History of Special Frontier Force – Establishment No. 22 – Vikas Regiment: the People’s Republic of China could not alter the course of India’s foreign policy. The 1962 War launched by China ended very abruptly when China declared a unilateral ceasefire and withdrew from the captured territory on November 21, 1962. President Kennedy played a decisive role by threatening to “NUKE” China.

The 1962 India-China War, a military conflict that was initiated by China had accomplished the exact opposite of what China had planned to accomplish.

1. India became more firmly aligned with the United States discarding its original policy of political neutralism.

2. The level of cooperation between the Central Intelligence Agency and India’s Research and Analysis Wing(RAW-The Intelligence Bureau of India) became greatly enhanced.

3. India started increasing its own defense-preparedness and had strengthened its military capabilities to fight a future war with China.

4. India was not deterred by the Chinese attack and had decided to substantially increase its involvement with the Tibetan Resistance Movement. India made the commitment to provide a permanent base to the Tibetan Resistance Movement apart from hosting the Tibetan Government-in-Exile.

5. India, Tibet, and the United States joined together in a military alliance/pact leading to the creation of the military organization called the Establishment No. 22 which is later formally named The Special Frontier Force to describe its official Headquarters in New Delhi.

The history of Special Frontier Force-Establishment No. 22: President Radhakrishnan visiting Indian Army units during the 1962 India-China War. — The history of Special Frontier Force – Establishment No. 22 – Vikas Regiment: President Radhakrishnan visiting Indian Army units during the 1962 India-China War. India had withstood the attack by Communist China and it soon recovered from its wounds and regained its full confidence to engage China on the battlefield.

The history of Special Frontier Force-Establishment No. 22: President Radhakrishnan with Officers of Indian Army during the 1962 India-China War. — The history of Special Frontier Force – Establishment No. 22 – Vikas Regiment: President Radhakrishnan with Officers of Indian Army during the 1962 India-China War. India understood the need for better preparedness to fight future wars and had decided to maintain its support to His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama, the Head of Tibetan nation who was granted political asylum in India.

Special Frontier Force- President Radhakrishnan-Clash with China — The History of Special Frontier Force – Establishment No. 22 – Vikas Regiment: “AHIMSA PARAMO DHARMA; DHARMA HIMSA TATHIVA CHA.” Both India and Tibet recognize Non-Violence or Ahimsa as the highest principle. The military organization, Special Frontier Force-Establishment No. 22-Vikas Regiment represents the second part of the statement; Violence or Himsa is equally the highest principle when it is necessary to defend the righteous.

President Radhakrishnan’s historic visit to the United States on June 03/04 1963:

After the conclusion of the 1962 War with China, as Prime Minister Nehru’s personal health demanded serious attention, President Radhakrishnan performed the historical journey to the United States on June 03/04 to meet the US President John F. Kennedy to express India’s solidarity with the United States in promoting Peace and Democracy. The visit displays the trust, and confidence placed by India in the future of their mutual military assistance, and cooperation. I am happy to share several photo images of that visit.

The History of Special Frontier Force-Establishment No. 22: June 03/04, 1963. — The History of Special Frontier Force – Establishment No. 22 – Vikas Regiment: June 03/04, 1963. The historic visit by President Radhakrishnan to affirm India’s friendly relationship with the United States in their policy towards China.

The History of Special Frontier Force-Establishment No. 22: June 03, 1963, Indian President Radhakrishnan by his visit acknowledges the India-Tibet-US military alliance/pact to oppose the military threat posed by China. — The History of Special Frontier Force – Establishment No. 22 – Vikas Regiment: June 03, 1963, Indian President Radhakrishnan by his visit acknowledges the India-Tibet-US military alliance/pact to oppose the military threat posed by China.

Indian President-President Kennedy-Spirits of Special Frontier Force — **The History of Special Frontier Force-Establishment No. 22-Vikas Regiment. President of India’s visit of June 03/04, 1963.**

President Kennedy with Indian President Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan — **The History of Special Frontier Force – Establishment No. 22 – Vikas Regiment is linked to the presidency of John F. Kennedy.**

I met President Radhakrishnan at his Mylapore residence after his retirement during 1967. At that time, both of us were not aware that the very first posting of my career in Indian Armed Forces would be that of Special Frontier Force-Establishment No. 22 that was created during his presidency. In India, Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan is recognized as a teacher, philosopher, and statesman. He is never described as the Supreme Commander of the Indian Armed Forces. I was granted Commission to serve in the Indian Army at the pleasure of the President of India, and my posting order to serve as a Medical Officer in Establishment No. 22 – Special Frontier Force was issued under the authority of the Ministry of Defence which functions under the powers sanctioned by the President of India.

The Spiritual Beginning of Life on Earth

Four Billion-Year-Old Mystery of Last Universal Common Ancestor Solved

The Inheritance of Cytoplasmic Membrane or Cell or Plasma Membrane

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ARMY ORDNANCE CORPS OF INDIAN ARMY:

THE SCIENCE OF PYROTECHNICS:

MILITARY SCIENCE – MORTARS:

PHYSICS OF AERIAL SHELL FIREWORKS:

HAZARD MANAGEMENT FOR FIREWORKS DISPLAYS:

AOC RAISING DAY CELEBRATION DURING 1983 AT THAPAR STADIUM:

THE MEDICAL ASPECTS OF SEVERE HEAD INJURY:

SPIRITUALISM AND DEATH AT THAPAR STADIUM:

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Man’s Purpose in the vast universe of unknown dimensions

Man is a Rational Being:

Man is a Created Being : The Subjective Reality of Man:

Man is a Spiritual Being: The Objective Reality of Man:

Man’s Essence and Man’s Existence:

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Wishes for Less Troubles and More Blessings and Nothing But Happiness Come Through Your Door

Searching for Peace:

May Your Troubles Be Less and Your Blessings Be More

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Army Day 2020 Theme

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Jism ko maut aati hai lekin

Rooh ko maut aati nahi haiJism ko maut aati hai lekinRooh ko maut aati nahi hai

The Rudolf-Grant Connection:

Happy Twosday on Tuesday, 22/02/2022. I joined Two-Two after getting Commission at age Twenty-Two

22/02/2022: Today is Happy Twosday, and it’s both a palindrome and an ambigram

Who are You at age Twenty-Two?

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The Totality of Consciousness:

Consciousness is a Mental Experience:

Consciousness is a Sense Experience:

Consciousness is a Physical or Body Experience – The concept of Homeostasis:

Consciousness is a Cellular Experience:

Consciousness is a Social Experience:

Consciousness is a Moral Experience:

Consciousness is a Spiritual Experience:

Consciousness is Awareness of Existence in the given Environment:

Consciousness and Material Substance:

Consciousness – The Law of Individuality and Creation:

The Principles of Consciousness:

Consciousness in the Multicellular Human Organism:

The Grading of Consciousness in Clinical Medicine:

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Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary for South and Central Asian Affairs Alice Wells: Discussion on India and the Indo-Pacific

We in the United States recognize the McMahon Line.

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India – Tibet Relations From 1950 to 1962:

The Origin of Special Frontier Force -Establishment No. 22 – Vikas Regiment:

The 1962 India – China War:

The Birth of Special Frontier Force -Establishment No. 22 -Vikas Regiment:

President Radhakrishnan’s historic visit to the United States on June 03/04 1963:

Rooh ko maut aati nahi hai
Jism ko maut aati hai lekin
Rooh ko maut aati nahi hai