TWINKLE TWINKLE LITTLE STAR – THE MYSTERY CALLED LIFE
twinkle twinkle little star universe initiatives-the mystery called life.
Stephen Hawking announced ‘biggest ever’ probe into alien or extraterrestrial life. The possibility of existence of ‘intelligent’ life in our vast universe of unknown dimensions tickles imagination of man and yet chances of such discovery are very slim. Time and Space are two immaterial dimensions that impose restrictions on man’s ability to interact with ‘intelligent’ life that may or may not exist in rest of our universe, or ‘JAGAT’ which keeps moving at a great speed that cannot be captured by human imagination.
In my view, the man’s relationship with Sun, planets, Moon, and the billions of Stars require an analytical approach that makes a fundamental distinction between the Mechanistic Actions described by Physics and the Purposive Actions described by Biology. For all practical purposes the myriad of Stars seen in the man’s night sky remain “Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star” and the man has no option other than singing, “How, I Wonder What You Are?”
Rudra Narasimham Rebbapragada Ann Arbor, MI 48104-4162, USA Bhavanajagat.org
STEPHEN HAWKING ANNOUNCES ‘BIGGEST EVER’ PROBE INTO ALIEN LIFE
LONDON — World renowned scientist Stephen Hawking and entrepreneur Yuri Milner announced what is described as the biggest ever investigation into whether intelligent life exists elsewhere in the universe here Monday.
JANE ONYANGA-OMARA, USA TODAY JULY 20, 2015
Twinkle, Twinkle little star-The Mystery called Life.
Left to right: Yuri Milner, Stephen Hawking, Martin Rees, Frank Drake, Ann Druyan and Geoff Marcy attend a press conference on the Breakthrough Life in the Universe Initiatives, hosted by Yuri Milner and Stephen Hawking, at The Royal Society on July 20, 2015 in London, England. (Photo: Stuart C. Wilson, Getty Images for Breakthrough Initiatives)
LONDON — World renowned scientist Stephen Hawking and entrepreneur Yuri Milner announced what is described as the biggest ever investigation into whether intelligent life exists elsewhere in the universe.
Announcing the $100 million project Monday, the Breakthough Initiatives division at the Royal Society — the U.K’s national academy of science — said it would be “the most powerful, comprehensive and intensive” such search ever to be conducted.
The 10-year project, which will include access to the powerful Green Bank Telescope in West Virginia and the Parkes Telescope in New South Wales, Australia, will include surveying the million stars closest to Earth, and will cover 10 times more sky than previous projects, the investigators said. In a statement, Milner said the scientists wanted to bring “the Silicon Valley approach” to the search for intelligent life.
At the launch event, Hawking said: “Somewhere in the cosmos, perhaps, intelligent life may be watching these lights of ours, aware of what they mean,” according to the BBC. “Or do our lights wander a lifeless cosmos — unseen beacons, announcing that here, on one rock, the Universe discovered its existence. Either way, there is no bigger question. It’s time to commit to finding the answer — to search for life beyond Earth.
“We are alive. We are intelligent. We must know.”
Breakthrough Initiatives said that all data from the project will be available to the public, who will be able to add to it and develop their own applications to analyze the material.
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE IS THE BASIS FOR SPIRITUAL INQUIRY:
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE IS THE BASIS FOR SPIRITUAL INQUIRY :RHYTHMIC CONTRACTIONS OF HEART MUSCLE AND PRINCIPLE OF ECG FORMATION, EKG – Darstellung, Schnell (Photo credit: Wikipedia)
BIOLOGY IS STUDY OF SPIRITUAL, MATERIAL SUBSTANCE:
From the beginning of human history, the ideas and concepts about Spirituality included a desire to find Peace, Harmony, and Tranquility in the living human condition. Spirituality is a tool to experience Happiness, Joy, and Bliss which is described as ‘ANANDA’ in Sanskrit language. Thinkers have contemplated that Spirituality may involve a potency that is associated with an intelligent, immaterial substance called Spirit. The term Soul is often used to describe the immortal, immutable aspect of man who is separate from his body. The term Spirit is used to describe a thing that may have independent existence of its own apart from physical body and it may survive after death of the body. The ideas or concepts about Soul or Spirit appear to be valid if and only if the vital, animating Principle called Soul or Spirit is firmly united with material substance in which it is incorporated. I seek existence of Soul or Spirit in a substance that is basic to life activities, and in a material that is responsible for all living processes. I, therefore, propose that understanding of the true or real nature of this ground substance of all living matter will help man to discover Peace, Harmony, and Tranquility in all of his internal and external relationships while man exists in a physical environment as a member of a social group, social community, and Society. In this blog post, I would like to pay my respectful tribute to Jan Evangelista Purkinje and Hugo Von Mohl for their great contribution to the scientific understanding of that living corporeal substance, living material, and living matter that performs what I call spiritual functions.
JAN EVANGELISTA PURKINJE – JAN EVANGELISTA PURKYNE:
Biological Science is the basis for Spiritual Inquiry:Jan Evangelista Purkyne(Czech name), Jan Evangelista Purkinje(German name)also known as Johannes Evangelist Purkinje, b. December 17, 1787, d. July 28, 1869. The pioneer Czech experimental Physiologist whose investigations in the fields of Histology, Embryology,and Pharmacology helped create a modern understanding of the eye and vision, brain and heart function, mammalian reproduction, and composition of cells.
Purkinje conducted his research on human vision at the University of Prague and later on, he served there as a Professor of Physiology(1850-69). He went to Germany and was appointed the Chair of Physiology and Pathology(1823-50) at the University of Breslau, Prussia. There Purkinje created the world’s first independent Department of Physiology(1839) and the first Physiological Laboratory(Physiological Institute, 1842). He is best known for his discovery of large nerve cells with many branching extensions found in the cortex of Cerebellum of the brain(Purkinje Cells, 1837). He discovered the fibrous tissue that conducts electrical impulses from the ‘pacemaker’ called Atrioventricular node or A-V node along the inside walls of the ventricles to all parts of the heart to help in Cardiac contractile function(Purkinje Fibers, 1839). In 1835, he invented and introduced the scientific term ‘Protoplasm’ to describe the ground substance found inside young animal embryo cells. He discovered the sweat glands of the skin(1833); he discovered the nine configuration groups of Fingerprints used in biometric identification of man(1823); he described the germinal vesicle or nucleus of the unripe ovum that now bears his name(1825), and he noted the protein digesting power of pancreatic extracts(1836).
Biological Science is the basis for Spiritual Inquiry:Purkinje Fibers and Cardiac Contraction. The spiritual nature of protoplasm brings structural and functional unity among the cells, tissues, organs and organ systems of human body.Cell Biology. The Foundation of Spirituality Science.
Biological Science is the basis for Spiritual Inquiry: Purkinje Nerve Cells or neurons found in Cerebellum of brain.Protoplasm is a spiritual substance that brings functional unity between the cells, tissues, organs and organ systems of human body.
Cell Biology. The Foundation of Spirituality Science.
Biological Science is the basis for Spiritual Inquiry: Fingerprint Identification: By using the current biometric identification technologies, each human being including identical twins could be known as specific individuals. Protoplasm is a spiritual substance that establishes the Individuality while the genome presents morphological appearance and physical identity of man.
HUGO VON MOHL:
Cell Biology. The Foundation of Spirituality Science. Hugo Von Mohl coined the term Protoplasm.
Biological Science as the basis for Spiritual Inquiry: Hugo Von Mohl, b. April 08, 1805, d. April 01, 1872, German Botanist noted for his research on the anatomy and physiology of plant cells. He coined the term “PROTOPLASM” describing it as an organ of Motion or Movement, Nutrition, and Reproduction.
Hugo Von Mohl named the granular, colloidal material that made up the main substance of the plant cell as “Protoplasm” in 1846. Purkinje had invented the word, but Hugo gave more clarity, understanding, and knowing the nature of this ground substance. He viewed cell as an “elementary organ” and in Physiology he explained Protoplasm as an organ of Motion or Movement, Nutrition, and Reproduction. It is the preliminary material in cellular generation. He was the first to propose that new cells are formed by division of preexisting cells and he had observed this process of Cell Division in the algal cells of Conferva glomerata. His observations are very important to understand the Cell Theory that explains cells as the basic building blocks of Life. He was the first to investigate the phenomenon of the stomatal openings in leaves.
PROTOPLASM – THE GROUND SUBSTANCE OF SPIRITUALITY:
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE IS THE BASIS FOR SPIRITUAL INQUIRY: THE GROUND SUBSTANCE CALLED PROTOPLASM PERFORMS SPIRITUAL FUNCTIONS. STUDY OF AMOEBA PROTEUS HELPS TO UNDERSTAND SPIRITUAL NATURE OF LIVING MATTER.
The Ground Substance of Spirituality. The vital and animating behavioral characteristics of Protoplasm could be known by observing Amoeba proteus. The Living Substance works as an organ of Motion or Movement, as an organ of Nutrition, and as an organ of Reproduction to generate new cells which have a life span of their own. In these physiological functions, I describe the characteristics such as Cognition, Consciousness, Memory, and Intelligence which have a Spiritual role as they bring functional unity and harmony in the interactions between different parts of the same individual organism while it exists in an environment as a member of a biological community.
Protoplasm is a complex, viscous, translucent solution of such materials as salts and simple sugars with other molecules, mostly proteins and fats, in a colloidal state, that is dispersed but not dissolved in one another. Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen constitute more than 90 percent of Protoplasm. It exhibits properties such as Protoplasmic Streaming or Cytoplasmic Streaming or Motion that is called “Amoeboid Movement.” It has the intrinsic power to change its shape and position. It has the power of Nutrition by which it can attract and obtain the materials necessary for its growth and maintenance from surrounding matter/environment. These functions involve acquiring, processing, retaining, and using information to perform tasks in a sequential manner for a predetermined purpose and such functional abilities needed to maintain life are associated with Consciousness, Memory, and Intelligence. The terms Soul and Spirit belong to the materialistic realm where the Physical Reality of man’s biological existence is established. I have not yet discovered any good reason to use the terms Soul and Spirit as a metaphysical or transcendental Reality. It equally makes no sense to think of Soul or Spirit as immaterial principle.
Whole Spirituality – Spirituality as Cellular Function: The understanding of Cell Structure (Anatomy) and Cell Functions (Physiology) will lead us to define Life as “Knowledge in Action.”Whole Spirituality – Spirituality as Cellular Function: The understanding of Cell Structure (Anatomy) and Cell Functions (Physiology) will lead us to define Life as “Knowledge in Action.”
This is the most detailed model of a human cell ever created, built using real scientific data from X-ray crystallography, NMR, and cryo-electron microscopy. Titled “Cellular landscape cross-section through a eukaryotic cell,” this stunning visualization by Evan Ingersoll and Gael McGill reveals the densely packed, molecular complexity of life at the nanoscale.
In Biology, cell is the basic or fundamental unit of structure, function, and organization in all living things or it is the building block of life. Let me begin with my respectful tribute to some of the people who contributed to ‘The Cell Theory’, one of the foundations of Biological Sciences. Cells were first observed in the 17th century shortly after the discovery of the microscope. Robert Hooke, british curator of instruments at The Royal Society of London, during 1665 coined the word cell. Dutch microscopist Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) made over 247 microscopes and examined microorganisms and tissue samples. He gave the first complete descriptions of bacteria, protozoa (which he called animalcules ), spermatozoa, and striped muscle. He also studied capillary circulation and observed Red Blood Cells.
CELL THEORY – SPIRITUALITY AS CELLULAR FUNCTION: Robert Hooke, British curator of instruments at The Royal Society of London coined the term cell during 1665.CELL THEORY – SPIRITUALITY AS CELLULAR FUNCTION: Dutch microscopist Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek (1668-80) studied capillary circulation and observed Red Blood Cells.
Improvements in microscopy during early 19th century permitted closer observation and significance of cells received better understanding. Matthias Jakob Schleiden (1838), German botanist, Theodor Schwann (1839), German physiologist, and Rudolf Virchow (1855), German pathologist, and others made important contributions to The Cell Theory that describes cell as the building block of all Life.
CELL THEORY – SPIRITUALITY AS CELLULAR FUNCTION: Schleiden, Professor of Botany, The University of Jena studied plant structure under the microscope, published “Contributions to Phytogenesis”(1838). He had also published the two-volume text of ‘Principles of Scientific Botany’.CELL THEORY – SPIRITUALITY AS CELLULAR FUNCTION: Schwann founder of modern Histology extended the Cell Theory of Plants to animals in his ‘Microscopic Researches into Accordance in the Structure and Growth of Animals and Plants(1839).CELL THEORY – SPIRITUALITY AS CELLULAR FUNCTION: Schwann discovered Myelin Sheath covering peripheral axons, now termed Schwann Cells. He coined the term ‘Metabolism’ for the chemical changes that take place in living tissues.CELL THEORY – SPIRITUALITY AS CELLULAR FUNCTION: Rudolf Virchow,German pathologist in 1855 coined the biological dictum “OMNIS CELLULA E CELLULA” – All living cells arise only from pre-existing living cells.
The Cell is smallest unit in the living organism that is capable of carrying on the essential life processes of sustaining metabolism for producing energy and reproducing. Many simple, small, single-celled organisms like Protozoa perform all life functions. In higher, complex, bigger, multicellular organisms, groups of cells are structurally and functionally differentiated into specialized tissues, organs and organ systems. Thus, The Cell Theory includes following foundational principles of Biological Sciences:
1. All living things are made up of cells. Cell is the most elementary or basic unit of Life.
2. Cell is a fundamental unit of structure, function, and organization in all living things including plants and animals.
3. Cells only rise from division of previously existing cells.
4. All cells are similar in composition, form, and function. All cells are basically the same in chemical composition (in spite of variations) in organisms of similar species. For example, all the solid tissues in the human body can be shown to consist largely of similar cells; differing it is true, but that are essentially similar to an Ovum.
5. The cells exhibit functional autonomy. Activity of an organism depends on the total activity of ‘INDEPENDENT’ cells.
6. Energy flow (metabolism and biochemistry) occurs within cells.
7. Cells contain hereditary, biological information (DNA) which is passed from cell to cell during cell division.
CELL THEORY – SPIRITUALITY AS CELLULAR FUNCTION:
The basic or fundamental unit of life in human organism is derived from the fertilized egg cell that eventually develops into a complete organism. The most significant feature of similarity between cells of human body is the presence of a soft, gelatinous, semi-fluid, granular material inside the cell. This substance known as Protoplasm or Cytoplasm, or Cytosol is similar to ground substance found in the Ovum or the Egg Cell. This viscous, translucent, colloidal substance is enclosed in a membrane called Plasma Membrane or Biological Membrane. A small spherical body called nucleus is embedded in Protoplasm of the cell. The two essential features of any living cell in human body are that of presence of Protoplasm and nucleus.
CELL THEORY – SPIRITUALITY AS CELLULAR FUNCTION: Human Ovum Structure – Cell Theory of Spirituality is based upon the Substance, Structure, Form, Organization, Function, Action and Interactions of this Single Fertilized Egg Cell that eventually develops into a complete human organism.
THE SPIRITUALITY OF SUBSTANCE, FUNCTION, ORGANIZATION, ACTION, AND INTERACTIONS:
To establish biological existence of the human organism, I add the concept of Spirituality to the Cell Theory. The Single Fertilized Egg Cell has ground substance that is of Spiritual nature and Spirituality consists of the following functional, and organizational characteristics:
1. The Cell is Conscious of its own existence and knows its internal condition and knows it external environment.
2. The Cell is Intelligent and it has Cognitive abilities like perception and memory to acquire information, to retain information, to recall information, and to use information in performance of its complex tasks in a sequential manner.
3. The Cell has the ability to perform actions with characteristics such as mutual cooperation, mutual tolerance, and display functional subordination and subservience while being independent.
4. The fertilized egg cell grows, divides, and develops into a complete organism while it acquires substances and energy from an external environment. It continuously transforms matter to build matter of its own kind for its own benefit to sustain its existence with its own identity and individuality. The Organism represents a social group or a biological or biotic community. The spiritual nature of substance called protoplasm or cytoplasm brings this functional harmony and unity between trillions of independent cells by bringing together their essence and existence.
The theoretical claims about Spirit and Soul, the religious and philosophical doctrines of Spirituality must be verified using the Cell Theory that defines the human organism. To describe Soul or Spirit as non material or immaterial principle will not help the man to know the real or true man.
WHAT IS MAN? SPIRITUALITY AND SELF-REALIZATION. THE PROCESS OR MECHANISM CALLED CELLULAR RESPIRATION IS NOT LEARNED OR ACQUIRED EXPERIENCE. NO SPIRITUAL TEACHER, NO SPIRITUAL MASTER, AND NO SPIRITUAL GUIDE CAN IMPLANT THIS KNOWLEDGE IN MAN.
The term cognition is derived from Latin word ‘cognitio’ which means knowledge which is related to the Latin word ‘cognoscere( co-, together + gnoscere, know) which means the act or process of knowing. Cognitive Science involves the study of all human activities related to knowledge. These activities include attention, creativity, memory, perception, problem solving, thinking, and the use of language. Cognition is the process involved in knowing, or the act of knowing which includes awareness and judgment. Cognition is often viewed as a psychological function and its nature is described as the relationship between the knowing mind and external reality. The Cognitive Science of Spirituality that I would like to describe is related to the cognitive abilities of a living cell or living organism; the abilities such as recognition, responsiveness, communication using signals, memory, ability to process, store, retrieve, and use information that could be innate or acquired, the ability of adaptation to changing internal or external environmental conditions, and the fact of awareness of its own existence; the awareness of its internal condition, and the awareness of its external environment.
Amoeba proteus and Cognitive Science of Spirituality : To understand the human person as a Spiritual being, we need to know and understand the Spiritual nature of Living Matter or Living Substance and describe its Cognitive abilities.
The purpose of Cognitive Science of Spirituality is not that of describing a cognitive theory of human personality. The Behavioral Science is primarily involved in the study of stimuli and responses; it observes human activities particularly social behavior and not that of higher mental processes which are not available to direct examination. While Cognitive Science is concerned with mind’s ability to acquire, process, store, and use information, the information processed need not be represented in cortical awareness. Cognitive Psychology does not rely on conscious introspection or mental reflection. The Cognitive Science of Spirituality that I describe does not involve acts of Meditation or mental introspection to discover the spiritual nature of man. I suggest that Spirituality can be understood without regard to the machinery of brain/mind’s information processing. The organism that we all know as Amoeba( Greek word – ‘Amoibe’ which means change) is a spiritual entity as it is Conscious or Aware of its existence, it shows responsiveness by changing its shape as it likes, it is Intelligent for it uses, processes, stores, retrieves, and uses information to perform its metabolic functions, and it displays abilities such as adaptation and memory of its acquired experience. I tend to view these biological functions and characteristics as an attribute of the spiritual nature of its living substance and this spiritual nature brings functional harmony to sustain its existence as a biological entity.
THE THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE AND COGNITIVE SCIENCE OF SPIRITUALITY:
Bertrand Arthur William Russel, b. May. 18, 1872, d. February. 02, 1970. English logician and philosopher, best known for his work in mathematical logic, his advocacy of both Pacifism and Nuclear Disarmament. He received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1950.
I am not concerned about Bertrand Russell’s skeptical atheist temperament. The Spirituality that I describe is not about religious faith or belief and the Spirituality that I write about is not concerned with religious practices or rituals. I claim that man is a Spiritual being because of the spiritual nature of his living matter or living substance. It is important to know that Russell was determined not to be beguiled by human pretensions to knowledge. He had never supported unbacked assumptions either about the foundations of knowledge or about what may be said to exist. He endorsed application of rationality to all aspects of human thought and language. He was seriously concerned with application of logical analysis to epistemological questions and attacked this problem by trying to breakdown human knowledge into minimum statements that were verifiable by empirical observation, reason, and logic. He was convinced that all knowledge is dependent on sense experience. His primary aim was to inquire with skeptical intent, “how much we can be said to know and with what degree of certainty or doubtfulness.” In 1898, with Trinity Fellow G.E. Moore, he rebelled against Idealism and became an Empiricist, a Positivist, and a Physical Realist or a Materialist. He held that the scientific view of the world is largely the correct view. He addressed the problem of the pretensions of human knowledge in his books, An Inquiry into Meaning and Truth(1940) and Human Knowledge, Its Scope and Limits(1948). His aim was also analytic and he assumed that it is possible to infer something about the world from the language in which it is correctly described. Russell analyzed that language must be used to state its minimum requirements, its atomic facts and avoid the use of descriptive phrases which may postulate the existence of objects. He held that a proposition is a picture of the facts that it asserts and must have in a sense the same structure. He stressed importance of similarity of structure as a criterion in inferring causal relationships. In a Lecture titled ‘Why I am not a Christian’ given on March 06, 1927, Russell explained the nature of his beliefs about God and Mortality. In his opinion and personal belief, he held the view that Life suitable to Protoplasm could be possible under certain physical conditions like temperature. Russell’s speculative assumption about the existence of Life or Protoplasm is not supported by scientific evidence. He had no scientific data to support his view. The ideal conditions for Life and Protoplasm exist now and what we know is that Life is always born from previously existing Life. However, he had concluded his Lecture by stating that, “it needs hope for the future……., the future that our intelligence can create.” His assumption that human intelligence is the basis for man’s biological existence is incorrect and is not consistent with the scientific reality about human existence and its nature. At a very fundamental level, man’s ability to acquire energy from an external source in the physical environment does not depend upon his physical or mental work or effort. If green plants with Chloroplasts have ability to trap Sun’s energy, it could not be attributed to man’s intelligence and the fact of Chloroplasts and their ability is not dependent on man having any kind of intelligence. Russell’s theoretical claims have no relationship with observational evidence and his opinions could be easily refuted for lack of validity. Physical Sciences and Biological Sciences provide accepted body of information about the world and human body. We need to arrange this information into a meaningful pattern and interpret it to describe the reality. The purpose of Cognitive Science of Spirituality is to describe and codify observations and experiences to explain the biological basis for human organism in its given environment as an individual, and as a member of a biological community.
SPIRITUALISM AND CONSCIOUSNESS: Amoeba proteus is a living organism as it has the ability to perform vital, living functions.
Spirit or Soul is often defined as a vital, animating principle found in all living things. Professor Sir Roger Penrose, English mathematical physicist, and Dr. Stuart Hameroff, Professor of Anesthesiology, Director of Center of Consciousness Studies at the University of Arizona shared a view claiming that Spirit or Soul lives in cellular structures called microtubules found in brain nerve cells or neurons.
Professor Sir Roger Penrose (born 8 August 1931) is an English mathematical physicist renowned for his contributions to general relativity and cosmology. He is also a recreational mathematician and philosopher. (Photo credit: Wikipedia)Dr. Stuart Hameroff, Professor Emeritus Department of Anesthesiology, Director of the Center of Consciousness Studies at The University of Arizona. Toward a Science of Consciousness Conference, Arizona (Photo credit: Wikipedia)
WHAT IS SOUL ?
The Anatomy of Cell – Endoplasmic Reticulum. The Protoplasm or Cytoplasm consists of a network or honey-combed reticulum called Endoplasmic Reticulum. It is a network of sacs and tubules that act as channels for materials passing through the Cell. This network is described as Spongioplasm. The homogeneous substance contained in the meshes of the network is known as Hyaloplasm.The Anatomy of Cell – Golgi Apparatus and Endoplasmic ReticulumBIOLOGICAL MEMBRANE IS A NATURAL BARRIER BETWEEN A LIVING CELL AND ITS EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT. IT IS NOT A SIMPLE PROTECTIVE WALL. IT HAS COGNITIVE ABILITIES AND CAN CONTROL MATTER THAT ENTERS OR LEAVES THE CELL. USING BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANE CELL CONTROLS ITS INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT FROM EXTERNAL INFLUENCES.
I am pleased to share a story about ‘the quantum theory of consciousness’ that appears under this post. We need to know as to how the terms Soul and Consciousness are defined. What is Soul? Is it a material principle or is it an immaterial principle? What is Consciousness? Is it a mental function? Is it a psychological function? Is it a biological function? What is the relationship between Soul and Consciousness? Microtubules are cellular skeletal components found in all living cells of all living organisms other than bacteria, blue-green algae, and viruses. If microtubules are found inside brain cells or neurons, it is not a surprise. They tend to perform the same functions in all types of living cells called eukaryotes(cells with true nuclei). All cells of the human body are derived from a single, fertilized Egg Cell. We need to discuss this topic called Soul and consciousness in relationship with this Egg Cell. Does this Egg Cell display consciousness? If Egg Cell is Conscious, does it have a Soul? In that context, we have to answer similar questions about Amoeba proteus, is it Conscious? and does it have a Soul?
Human Ovum Structure and The Quantum Theory of Consciousness.
I have been writing about consciousness and like these authors, I have been speaking about the role of Cytoplasm, the living substance found inside living cells. The microtubules are related to the plasma membrane/biological membrane, the outermost layer that separates the cell from its external environment. This membrane performs cognitive functions and it can process information and transmit information which the cell further uses to perform its various living functions. The cytoplasm exists in a constant condition of motion called ‘amoeboid motion or it displays a streaming motion. The cell structures called microtubules and microfilaments maintain this motion all the time.
Like all cells, brain cells or neurons experience cellular death. We can remove several brain cells or kill them using drugs or radiation while treating problems like brain cancer. The person still remains conscious and we clearly know the term ‘consciousness’ as used in Clinical Medicine refers to the ‘AROUSAL’ state.
Penrose and Hameroff make no distinction between the clinical definition of ‘consciousness’ and the function performed by microtubules. Their views about gravitational force and its impact upon information processing by the brain’s nerve cells have no theoretical basis. We send astronauts into outer space and they function without experiencing any significant gravitational pull or force while they literally float inside their spaceships. To collect information, to process information, to retrieve information, and to utilize information to perform a guided function, a living, material principle called Spirit or Soul is required as it has awareness or consciousness of the fact of its own existence.
The Physiological basis of Consciousness. The mechanism called CELLULAR RESPIRATION provides the basis for Conscious Existence of the Living Things.
When Consciousness is viewed as the awareness of one’s own existence, the fact of Consciousness can be verified by observing the vital living function called Respiration or breathing. The cells, the building blocks of Life exhibit their Individual Consciousness which can be verified by observing the vital living function called Cellular Respiration. Consciousness is a physiological function associated with Living Molecules of Life. Consciousness demands a complex structural organization and functional integration of the activity of Biomolecules which are energy-dependent and actively seek matter and energy from an external source.
SCIENTISTS OFFER QUANTUM THEORY OF SOUL’S EXISTENCE
The Science of Consciousness. The Quantum Consciousness Theory.
Scientific proof: according to the Quantum Consciousness Theory, the soul lives within structures called microtubules that live inside brain cells.
A PAIR of world-renowned quantum scientists say they can prove the existence of the soul.
American Dr. Stuart Hameroff and British physicist Sir Roger Penrose developed a quantum theory of consciousness asserting that our souls are contained inside structures called microtubules which live within our brain cells. Their idea stems from the notion of the brain as a biological computer, “with 100 billion neurons and their axonal firings and synaptic connections acting as information networks”. Dr. Hameroff, Professor Emeritus at the Departments of Anesthesiology and Psychology and Director of the Centre of Consciousness Studies at the University of Arizona, and Sir Roger have been working on the theory since 1996. They argue that our experience of consciousness is the result of quantum gravity effects inside these microtubules – a process they call orchestrated objective reduction (Orch-OR). In a near-death experience, the microtubules lose their quantum state but the information within them is not destroyed. Or in layman’s terms, the soul does not die but returns to the universe. Dr. Hameroff explained the theory at length in the Morgan Freeman-narrated documentary “Through the Wormhole”, which was recently aired in the US by the Science Channel. The quantum soul theory is now trending worldwide, thanks to stories published this week by The Huffington Post and the Daily Mail, which have generated thousands of readers comments and social media shares. “Let’s say the heart stops beating, the blood stops flowing, the microtubules lose their quantum state,” Dr. Hameroff said. “The quantum information within the microtubules is not destroyed, it can’t be destroyed, it just distributes and dissipates to the universe at large. “If the patient is resuscitated, revived, this quantum information can go back into the microtubules and the patient says ‘I had a near death experience’.” In the event of the patient’s death, it was “possible that this quantum information can exist outside the body indefinitely – as a soul”. Dr. Hameroff believes new findings of the role quantum physics plays in biological processes, such as the navigation of birds, adds weight to the theory.
Amoeba proteus and The Quantum Theory of Consciousness.
The Vitruvian Man. c. 1492. The painting by Leonardo da Vinci displays the spirit of scientific inquiry. The inquiry of Man must begin with investigation of Consciousness.
What is Man? The motivation for asking this question comes from a statement expressed in Sanskrit language: “Sarvesham Swastir Bhavatu”, a statement which seeks the well-being of all humans, of all races, of all cultures, of all religions, and of all nations. The meaning and purpose of human life are affected by whatever we think is the real or true nature of man. But, more importantly, our efforts to support the well-being of Man would require correct understanding and knowledge of the real or true Man. Consciousness is the biological characteristic of Life or of living matter and this functional attribute must be distinguished from ‘Mind’, the chief organ of Sense Perception( such as vision, hearing, taste, smell, and touch ), the seat of thoughts, feelings, moods, cravings, emotional states, dreams, intellect, and self-pride. Knowledge about Self begins with Consciousness and not as sense experience.
THE THEORY OF CONSCIOUSNESS :
In the Divine Song of the Lord known as the Bhagavad Gita, Chapter X, Vibhuti-Vistara Yoga, The Opulence of The Absolute, verse 22, Lord God Krishna states: “Indriyanam Manah, bhutanam asmi Chetana.” The Divine is associated with the attribute called Mind, the chief organ of Sense Perception and other mental functions; and among all living entities the Divine is associated with the function known as Chetana or Consciousness.
“INDRIYANAM MANAH, BHUTANAM ASMI CHETANA” – MIND AND CONSCIOUSNESS: I would like to propose The Theory of Consciousness to explain the Spiritual nature of Consciousness which is stated in the Divine Song known as the Bhagavad Gita. Human Mind and its uniqueness as an organ of Sense Perception( such as vision, hearing, taste, smell, and touch ), the seat of thoughts, dreams, emotions, desires and cravings, intellect, and self-pride represents operation of a divine attribute, or of divine potency. The Human Mind is not an attribute that is shared by all living entities. The biological attribute that is shared by all living entities is known as Consciousness. The contents of Consciousness would help us to identify Consciousness as the following: 1. Consciousness is a mental experience, 2. Consciousness is a sense experience, 3. Consciousness is a homeostatic experience, 4. Consciousness is a social experience, 5. Consciousness is a moral experience, and 6. Consciousness is a spiritual experience. These various aspects of Consciousness could be verified by examining the features of Man that identify him as a Physical, Mental, Social, Moral, and Spiritual being. At a fundamental level, the role of Consciousness in a living organism relates to its ability to acquire energy from its external environment. A living cell is conscious or aware of its energy dependent existence in the given environment. The nature of conditioned existence that involves dependence upon continuous supply of energy from an external source is the essential, or primary content of Consciousness. In the human organism, the cells of the gastrointestinal tract are primarily involved in energy acquisition. The cells of the brain are not involved in primary energy acquisition. The cells of the human gastrointestinal tract have the awareness or Consciousness of the substances present in the digestive tract, they recognize the presence and nature of specific molecules, and interact with them in selective manners either to absorb or reject those substances for the benefit of the entire human organism. Hence, The Theory of Consciousness that I propose would define Consciousness as the spiritual mechanism to support the living organism to maintain its living functions.
“I AM CONSCIOUSNESS” – MAN’S ESSENCE AND EXISTENCE :
It would be helpful to understand the difference between Spirituality and the Philosophy of Existentialism shared by Jean Paul Sartre. The Man described by Sartre “exists” in his thoughts, feelings, and consciousness that is viewed as a mental or psychological function. The ‘Consciousness’ described by Sartre is not the Essence of a Substance and he thought of it as ‘Nothingness’. I describe a Man who exists in the physical world because of his Consciousness which is the functional characteristic of Man’s corporeal substance and this functional mechanism is operated by Spirit or Soul, the vital, animating Principle that brings human essence and existence to come together.
In this proposition, “I am Consciousness”, the subject known as “I am” is related to an object or an idea described as “Consciousness.” The truth or reality of a relationship or correspondence between the subject and its object could be verified. The subject is the entire human organism consisting of trillions of individual cells which function as tissues and organ systems of the human body. The subject “I am” cannot be merely defined as a single, individual, specific organ like brain or entity called mind. The functional relationship between the subject and the object operates and involves the activities of the entire organism and not limited to the activities of brain, or mind. The body organ called brain has no independent existence of its own. Brain and its neuronal structures, tissues, and cells need energy to sustain their metabolic functions and activities. The process, the mechanism, and the power by which a living cell acquires energy to perform its living functions is called ‘Nutrition’. Consciousness is the awareness of energy dependent existence in a given external environment. Consciousness is the biological characteristic of all living cells irrespective of their functional adaptation, functional differentiation, functional subordination and identification as specific organs or tissues such as brain and nerves. The idea or object called “Consciousness” is fundamentally related to the subject called “I am” both at the level of the entire or Whole Organism and at the level of individual living cells that constitute the Organism. Hence, Spirituality could be stated as potency of the subject called “I am” who is associated with the object called “Consciousness” to maintain his own existence and living functions.
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – FUNCTION OF CONSCIOUSNESS: The understanding of Consciousness demands the recognition of difference between mechanical performance (Transitive Action), and intelligent performance (Immanent Action). Consciousness cannot be explained by elementary Laws of Physics and Chemistry. Living Functions are primarily Oxidation-Reduction Chemical Reactions.Spirituality Science – Function of Consciousness: The actions performed in Nature have to be observed to know if it involves selection of a purpose and the use of means to attain the desired goal. There is a difference between the forest fire and the bonfire. Consciousness cannot be explained using the mechanistic principles.
To make the fundamental distinction between the animate or living, and inanimate or non-living things, we may have to describe the nature of functions that can be observed in the actions performed by things. There is a difference between mechanical performance and intelligent performance. In the actions performed by the living things, the agent is perfected by its own actions, and activities. Actions such as growing, sensing, and understanding are called “Immanent” actions because they are activities which affect the growing, sensing, or understanding agent called the living thing. Action of one inert body upon another inert body is called “Transitive” action. For example, heating is a transitive action. In heating, the hot thing loses its own heat while heat is transferred to the cold thing. In the “Mechanistic” view, continuity of nature is described in terms of universality of purely mechanical principles. The mechanistic concept asserts that the phenomena of life are merely processes and transformations obeying elementary chemical and physical laws. However, it should not be very difficult to make distinction between a forest fire and a bonfire, or a fire ignited in the kitchen in preparation of a meal. Both the actions represent a chemical reaction called combustion, or rapid oxidation. Both actions may generate light, heat, and warmth. But, the forest fire may lack the purposiveness of the bonfire, or the kitchen fire used in cooking. The understanding of the living and the non-living things involves the difference between vital operations and mechanical operations. There is a difference between the vital power of the living thing and the mechanical capacity of inert, non-living thing.
The Vital Power of Living Things:
SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – FUNCTION OF CONSCIOUSNESS: Amoeba proteus is a living organism as it has ability to perform vital, living functions. Amoeba knows the fact of its own existence, it knows as to where it exists, and knows as to how it is existing. It displays two kinds of awareness; 1. What goes on around in its external environment, and 2. What goes on within its internal environment.
The word “Animal” derives from the Latin( anima, animus ) name for vital principle called “Soul” which is a life principle associated with functions like breathing, or the principle called animation. Breathing is a vital function as it is associated with the “Power” of self-nutrition. The power of self-nutrition is the originating power, possession of which leads us to speak of things as living, and non-living. Nutrition is a vital power as the action is not a mechanical performance. Nutrition is a function associated with a purpose and it is guided to achieve a future end and it involves the choice or selection of specific means to attain the desired goal of its action. A non-living thing like a stone gets heated on exposure to Sun’s radiation and the action is not goal-oriented; it is not guided action to attain a specific purpose of that non-living agent. A living thing like a plant can convert thermal energy from Sun to a new form of chemical energy that it can further use to perform a variety of its own living functions like growth, and reproduction. Living functions are intelligent functions that involve the use of knowledge or information to perform goal-oriented, sequential actions.
Soul and the Cellular Function of Consciousness:
Brain Stem Reticular Formation shown as a red band in the image represents an integrative focus of consciousness functioning through its widespread interconnections with the Cerebral Cortex and other regions of the Brain. It functions to compose the contents of consciousness that would be revealed as Cortical Awareness. Reticular Formation describes “The Capacity of Consciousness” and without this function the contents of consciousness( or cortical awareness) will not be known to the individual.SRI AUROBINDO GHOSH IN HIS BOOK, “LETTERS ON YOGA”, Page 576 DESCRIBED CONSCIOUSNESS: “Just like you: you have lots of cells in your body; each cell has its own consciousness and you have a consciousness which is the consciousness of your total individuality, though made up of all these small cellular consciousness.”SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE – FUNCTION OF CONSCIOUSNESS: A LIVING, ANIMAL CELL PERFORMS VITAL FUNCTIONS USING ITS COGNITIVE ABILITIES. WHAT IS THAT “SOMETHING” THAT IS RECOGNIZED BY CONSCIOUSNESS?
Consciousness describes the ability to perform intelligent action. Consciousness describes the difference between vital operations and mechanical operations. Consciousness describes the difference between vital powers and the capacities of inert matter. Consciousness describes the difference between living things and non-living things. Consciousness is a biological, vital, or living (Immanent) function that characterizes the actions, and activities of living things. Consciousness can include psychological, and mental functions; but it is not a function that can only be performed by living matter of an anatomical structure, or organ called brain. In literature, religion, and philosophy, the term Consciousness is often used meaning, “attention to the contents or workings of one’s own mind.” John Locke defined consciousness as a psychological condition; it is described as perception of what passes in a man’s own mind. In popular belief, consciousness is viewed as a form of relationship or act of the mind toward objects in nature. Consciousness is claimed to be a continuous field or stream of mental “sense-data.” Very often, neuroscientists describe consciousness as a neurophysiological mechanism that depends on the functions of the brain. It is true for the Brain Stem Reticular Formation represents an integrative focus of consciousness functioning through its widespread interconnections with the cerebral cortex and other regions of the brain.Consciousness involves recognizing the existence, the fact of knowing something; it describes the fact of being aware of some information. What is that ‘something’ that is known or recognized by Consciousness? A living thing which has substance called living matter is conscious, or aware of the fact of its own existence in its given environment. There are two aspects of Consciousness that are subjectively registered by the living thing; 1. Consciousness is a state of knowing or awareness of what goes on around the individual living thing in its external environment, and 2. Consciousness is a state of knowing or awareness of what goes on within the individual living thing, its own internal environment. Consciousness is not simple awareness. It is awareness that involves the ability called “Cognition” which involves knowing; the processing of information, the analysis of information, the storing of information, the retrieval of information, and application of information to perform a selected action. In other words, Consciousness represents presence of “Intelligence.” A living thing has Consciousness of its nature of existence that demands the supply of energy from its external environment. The living thing uses its cognitive ability, to recognize the substances, presence of both living, and non-living matter present in its external environment. It uses the power of self-nutrition to attract these substances to acquire energy, manipulate energy, transform energy, and exploit energy to perform its vital, living functions. Thus, Consciousness becomes an absolute attribute of life; it is the fundamental, biological characteristic of living matter or living substance. For the reasons that I have stated, I define Consciousness as a function by which a living thing knows the fact of its own existence; it knows as to where it exists and knows as to how it is existing. Since Consciousness is a function that operates at a level of structural, and functional organization that is the characteristic of complex, organic molecules, this function cannot be observed, or measured by quantum physicists who study structures and functions of subatomic particles. I define Consciousness as the ability to establish a connection, or a relationship between energy-demanding molecules, and energy-yielding molecules. A Fundamental Force like the force of Gravitation is very important for existence of man on planet Earth. Man recognizes the physical reality of his own existence with the help of gravitation which provides experience of his body mass or body weight. At the same time, it must be noted that man exists on the surface of a very fast spinning celestial object. Perception of this basic reality of Earth’s speed and velocity by the human organs of sense perception would endanger the ability to live. Man’s physical existence is defended, and is protected by the shielding effect of the force of gravitation. Gravitation helps to block the sensory awareness of the speed of Earth’s motions. This function of gravitational force must be distinguished from the intelligent function called Consciousness.
The Function of Consciousness. The man’s existence is conditioned to experience Day and Night on the surface of Flat Earth with its Arched Dome. There is no direct sensory awareness of the reality of earth’s motions.
Adi Shankara’s Unqualified Non-Dualism – The Theory of Pure Consciousness:
ADI SHANKARACHARYA – THE PROPONENT OF UNQUALIFIED NON-DUALISM: He based his view on his Theory of “PURE CONSCIOUSNESS.”
The Indian School of Philosophy known as “SUDDHADVAITA”, or Unqualified Non-Dualism of Adi Shankara is based upon a system of thought that may be called “ATMADVAITA” that describes one, universal, eternal, and self-illuminating self whose essence is “Pure Consciousness” without a Subject (ASRAYA) and without an Object (VISAYA) and from a transcendental point of view, “Pure Consciousness” is the only Ultimate Reality. The phenomenal world and finite individuals could be empirically true, but from the higher point of view are merely false appearances. Adi Shankara based his view on his definition of “Reality: The “Real” is that whose negation is not possible. The only thing that satisfies this criterion is consciousness; because denial of consciousness presupposes the consciousness that denies. It is conceivable that any object is not existent, but absence of consciousness is not conceivable. Adi Shankara used his immense logical skills and relied upon reasoning to claim that consciousness is the only reality and anything different from it would be unreal. The basic problem of Adi Shankara’s philosophy is that of explaining as to how such “Pure Consciousness” appears in ordinary experience to become individualized as “my consciousness.”
I am pleased to share this view posted by Gaurachandra Das of IIT, Kharagpur, India.
MYSTERY OF CONSCIOUSNESS : LIFE versus NON-LIFE
Gaurachandra Das, B. Tech, M.Tech, Electrical Engineering-IIT Kharagpur
General Theory of Relativity and Quantum Mechanical Theory (QM) are the two most prominent theories in the field of Physics. General Theory of Relativity given by Einstein in 1915 states that direction of light propagation should be changed in a gravitational field. It predicts that “light coming from a strong gravitational field should have its wavelength shifted to larger values (a red-shift). The electromagnetic field can have waves in it that carry energy that we call light. Likewise, the gravitational field can have waves that carry energy and are called gravitational waves. These may be thought of as ripples in the curvature of space-time that travel at the speed of light.”1 On the other hand Quantum Mechanical Theory predicts the behavior of particles as waves as they drift away from the classical domain. Both these stalwart theories till date have been unable to predict the function of consciousness in living bodies. In fact, they do not even stand unwavering scrutiny and are subject to reformations, time and again. Albert Einstein himself stated in this regard in 1954-“I consider it quite possible that physics cannot be based on the field concept, i.e., on continuous structures. In that case, nothing remains of my entire castle in the air, gravitation theory included, and of the rest of modern physics.”
In the words of Roger Penrose – “I definitely believe that Quantum Mechanics is not a final theory and it is incomplete. I agree with Einstein in that sense.” Quantum Mechanics has proved insufficient to describe the nature of reality so far. He further says-“Quantum Mechanics has two parts: the first is Schrodinger’s equation, which tells how a system evolves, it is a very precise equation yet it does not tell you how the world behaves. The second part of QM is the measurement process. The measurement process is inconsistent with Schroedinger equation. It is non-deterministic, probabilistic, etc. Although these two parts are inconsistent with each other, they do fit together in a rather remarkable way. To me, it suggests that QM is not perfectly correct.” 2 Another is the famous Schrodinger’s cat example. (Experiment parallel to it is being done in Santa Barbara, California under Dirk Baumeister.) Penrose remarks – “ Schroedinger pointed out that his own equation tells that you could produce a cat that is both alive and dead at the same time. It is ridiculous because in reality you don’t see cats that are both alive and dead at the same time. This means there is something wrong with the equations at the level when the objects become big enough”.2
Schrodinger’s cat set-up
Along with Hameroff, Penrose constructed a theory of human consciousness in which human consciousness is pointed to as being the result of a quantum gravity effect in microtubules. That was presented in his “Orchestrated Reduction of Quantum Coherence in Brain Microtubules: A Model for Consciousness”. However, he also says “Our present scientific knowledge cannot describe consciousness. On the other hand, boundaries of what we call scientific are not fixed on this view. Perhaps we may never be able to understand the Ultimate Reality through a rigorous scientific approach. Some fundamentally new insights are needed. If perhaps there will eventually emerge some kind of ultimate theory that may explain part of the reality, that theory must differ enormously from what we have seen in physical theories so far” 2. So as per his opinion, a fundamentally new theory with remarkably different features is needed to explain the paradigm of consciousness. Thus, what is this consciousness, a mystery to the world of physics so far.
Robots are another field in which distinction between life and non-life can be seen approaching a border-line. Nowadays robots are quoted to be even writing poems. But such collection of words is an artificial attempt from the word-bank fed to computers and arranged with algorithms. The machine has no feelings and emotions and the purpose of poetry –“to satisfy the poet’s heart” remains forever absent to a machine. The computer may also play chess but that is the computational (mechanistic) part done by it from the strategies fed by the programmer. A machine may also pass the Turing’s test3 but the Chinese room argument by John Searle refutes the conscious sense coming from this resemblance. Actually to prove computers intelligent, one needs to design a robot that can play any surprise or unexpected game brought before it, not just the chess game. It should be able to learn any game by speech or text inputs and then play that game reasonably well. But it is not possible to design such a robot because playing a surprise game requires an understanding in both learning and devising strategy. A robot can do computation, but it will never have understanding because it can’t be conscious.
A Robot cannot play an unprogrammed game.
After the tragic event of 9/11 many scientists have shown remarkable interest in these ideas concerning search of an Ultimate Theory, absolute Reality and depths of the conscious paradigm. They look for a scientific clue from the known sources of scientific knowledge. This brings them closer to the ideas of fine-tuning and intelligent design in the universe which have a valid and very reasonable role in the creation. The fine-tuning of water molecule (H2O) and preciseness of universal constants verify this claim.
There are various directions to proceed on the basis of the Anthropic Principle.5 One of the interesting insights is that Vedantic literature points in this direction about the presence of different universes which have life and are also spiritual in nature. This idea is feasible from the strong Anthropic principle as Roger Penrose says – “This is the argument that only the physical constants of nature which have specific values may be suitable for life. Only in the world where the numbers are suitable for consciousness we will find beings present in that world. It may be a completely different kind of life, which is not like us at all, which does not depend on chemistry the way we do. So that may open up the possibility of a world or spiritual world.” 2
Looking into Einstein’s life, we all admire his great insights for a scientific worldview having mathematical foundations. At same time he also had some profound feeling for religion. In other words, he tried to relate both scientific and religious worldviews in his life. He said-“Science without religion is lame and religion without science is blind.” Another of his famous quotes is –“God doesn’t cast dice.” This may be a serious question posed to the propaganda that life is a chance phenomenon. Roger Penrose remarks in this connection – “There are remarkable interrelations between truth and beauty. Even there is a mystery of our perceptions of mathematical truths. I would say that these are higher and deeper aspects of reality of which we have little conception at the present time.”2 Einstein didn’t see any conflict between science and religion while he considered them complementary. He could live happily by synthesizing both the worldviews. It is from this religious paradigm, especially Vedantic paradigm where we get a precisely correct understanding of consciousness which is a mystery for the modern thinkers.
Universe and life is not created by humans so the proposal to study and demarcate its ingredients and intricacies by research-based approach may not be well-placed and successful. It may actually be like an ant’s attempt to study the architecture of Mercedes-Benz, which is quite too much for the ant! However the religious side in this direction, particularly the Vedantic conception offers interesting comprehensive facts and insights…for example, Bhagavad Gita says that “the soul (atma) or spiriton is the cause of consciousness. This spiriton or atma interacts with matter through the agency of the Paramatma or the all-pervading conscious aspect of the absolute truth. This interaction depends on higher order, non-mathematical laws relating to psychological principles such as desire and free-will.”6 Bhagavad Gita mentions that “the size of spiriton or atma is 1/10000 of the tip of a hair; it is inconceivable or spiritual in nature and it is eternal and unborn.”7 In fact, our present science cannot explain this. As some prominent scientists (as Max Born, Roger Penrose and William D. Phillips) say – “We need a new science, a higher dimensional science to explain this subtle conception of the source of life.” Yet, its presence in the form of consciousness can be experienced by us all. Max Born says – “I saw in the atom the key to the deepest secret of nature and it revealed to me the greatness of creation and the Creator.”8
Roger Penrose and Dr T.D. Singh
So, probably, the sincere mind of a great scientist would need to blur these boundaries between science and religion and sincerely take up this quest to understand life and conscious paradigm. This has been the attitude of a galaxy of prominent thinkers, scientists and vastly learned men such as Nicholas Copernicus, Johannes Kepler, Isaac Newton, Michael Faraday, James Clerk Maxwell, Albert Einstein, Max Born, Srinivasa Ramanujan, Werner Heisenberg, Charles Townes, William D. Phillips and hundreds more. Albert Einstein says-“I sense these things deeply…the most beautiful and profound religious emotion that we can experience is the sensation of the mystical. And this mysticality is the power of all true science. That deeply emotional conviction of the presence of a superior reasoning power which is revealed in the comprehensible universe forms my idea of God.” In the words of Charles Townes-“I believe there is no long-range question more important than the purpose and meaning of our lives and of the universe.” 8 Indeed, such a positive and synthesized approach offers a key to solve this mystery of life and consciousness, to know the distinction between life and non-life and to delve deeper into Absolute Reality.
References: 1. General Theory of Relativity http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/cosmology/gravity.html 2. Discussion between Sir Roger Penrose and Dr T.D. Singh entitled “Science, Spirituality and Nature of reality”, Bhaktivedanta Institute, 2005. 3. Turing Test : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_test 4. Chinese room Argument : http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/chinese-room/ 5. Anthropic Principle – see Brief History of Time, by Stephen Hawking, Bantam Trade Paperback, 1996. 6. “Life, Matter and their Interactions “ by Dr T.D. Singh, Bhaktivedanta Institute, 2006. 7. “Bhagavad Gita As It Is” by A.C Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. New York: Macmillan 1972. 8. “God is a Person”, Reflections of two Noble Laureates, Bhaktivedanta Institute, 2006. 9. Lincoln Barnett, “The Universe and Dr. Einstein, 2nd Edition, New York, 1957, pp.108-109.
The Function of Consciousness. Why is this baby crying? Is it hunger? Is it thirst? Is it a wet diaper? Is it earache? Is it fever? Is it too hot? Is it too cold? Is it gripes or colic? Is it to get attention? Is it Consciousness? The baby is aware of something. The baby is aware of its existence in an environment and is also aware of its internal condition.
Neocolonialism describes the revival of Colonialist exploitation by a foreign power of a region that has achieved independence. Colonialism is the system or policy by which a country maintains foreign colonies especially in order to exploit them economically. Colonization refers to the extension of political and economic control over an area by an occupying state that has organizational or technological superiority. Imperialism has been a major colonizing force. The Colony’s population is subdued to assimilate them to the Colonizer’s way of life.
The Great 13th Dalai Lama of Tibet declared Tibet’s independence from Manchu China(Qing or Ch’ing Dynasty) on February 13, 1913. Tibet expelled Manchu China’s diplomats and its military contingent posted in Lhasa, Tibet’s Capital. For centuries, Tibet came under foreign conquests by Mongols and Manchu China but Tibet was never colonized. Red China’s military invasion of Tibet in 1950 describes the typical features of Colonialism. Tibet’s population is repressed by brutal force in an attempt to fully assimilate Tibetans to the Colonizer’s way of life. Red China’s Colonial Rule is a direct threat to the existence of Tibetan way of life shaped by centuries of Natural Freedom. Apart from wiping out Tibetan System of Governance known as Ganden Phodrang, The Institution of Dalai Lama at Potala Palace, Lhasa, the tyrannical rule of Red China is destroying every attribute of Tibetan Culture including Tibetan language, and Tibetan religious institutions putting Tibetan Identity at a great peril. Red China’s colonization of Tibet is defacing and degrading Tibetan territory and its fragile environment totally upsetting its delicate ecological balance. The Land of Tibet is scarred by Red China’s reckless mining activities, deforestation, diversion of rivers, and dumping of toxic chemical and nuclear wastes.
Colonization was the vehicle of European expansion from the 15th century into Africa, the Americas, and Asia. The Spanish, Portuguese, English, French, and Dutch established Colonies worldwide that have for the most part obtained independence from imperial system only in the 20th century.
Red China determines the economic development of other countries from which it extracts vast amounts of raw materials. With the sole exception of Tibet, Red China is able to get raw materials and flood world markets with Made in China products without the need to fight the wars of the previous Colonial Era. With threats of its muscle power, Red China has entered a new era of Colonialism. People of the World have to awaken to the threat imposed by Red China – Neocolonialist.
SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE VS THE EVIL RED EMPIRE – RED CHINA :
SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE VS THE EVIL RED EMPIRE – RED CHINA.
I have a great pleasure in sharing the blog post titled “CHINA’S OPENING TO RUSSIA” by Dina Badie published by Huffington Post on April 27, 2015. It clearly exposes Dr. Henry Alfred Kissinger, PhD as #WholeVillain WholeVillain, Whole Villain for he formulated the US-China relations without any concern for values that define United States of America. Red China’s opening to Russia will compel the United States to define its national values while it defends its security interests in present day world.
SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE VS THE EVIL RED EMPIRE – RED CHINA : US PRESIDENT RONALD REAGAN ADDRESSED NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF EVANGELICALS ON MARCH 08, 1983. HE COINED THE PHRASE “EVIL EMPIRE” TO DESCRIBE SOVIET UNION AND HE FRAMED THE US – SOVIET CONFRONTATION AS “GOOD VS EVIL.”
WHAT IS EVIL ?
SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE VS THE EVIL RED EMPIRE – RED CHINA : THE WOMAN RIDING THE SCARLET BEAST IS THE PERSONIFICATION OF THE EVIL RED EMPIRE – RED CHINA .
The term “EVIL” describes conduct regarded as morally bad, morally wrong, wicked, depraved, causing pain, or trouble, harmful, injurious, offensive, disgusting, threatening, and bringing misfortune and misery to those affected by it. Red China is Evildoer for it does evil actions habitually. Red China is Evil-Minded for its disposition is malicious. Red China is the Evil One, a term used for The Devil or Satan.
When Henry Kissinger returned from a secret meeting in China in 1971, he laid the groundwork for a historic diplomatic opening after more than 20 years of rejecting the Communist Party government. Within a year, Richard Nixon visited Mao Zedong in Beijing, the Shanghai Communiqué was signed, and the process of normalizing Sino-America relations began. Since then, most scholars and analysts have considered Nixon’s opening to China to be a resounding foreign policy success. In the midst of the Cold War, it successfully exploited existing divisions within the communist bloc and improved the U.S. strategic position vis-à-vis the USSR. Rather than three powerful states existing in isolation of one another, it was now 2 against 1: the U.S. and China vs. the USSR.
At the time, however, Nixon’s policy did not come without criticism. Mao Zedong’s brand of communism along with his brutal implementation of a “cultural revolution,” made him an improbable target for U.S. policymakers looking for diplomatic partners. Given the importance of the “democracy and capitalism” narrative of the Cold War, trading the recognition of the old Kuomintang government in Taiwan for the Communist Party state in the mainland was a contentious move. Yet, Nixon and Kissinger looked beyond ideology to open dialogue for strategic purposes.
Today, the U.S. is on the other end of an opening.
American and European statesmen are currently boycotting, sanctioning, condemning, and isolating Russia as punishment for its Ukraine policy. In the way that the U.S. picked off China after recognizing the Sino-Soviet split, China is now picking off Russia given the American-Russian split. The Ukraine crisis indirectly created an opportunity for China to expand a “strategic partnership” with Russia as the only major power not taking part in the sanctions regime. This is not to say that Russia and China had no diplomatic relations prior to the Ukraine crisis; rather, that Western policy toward Russia is creating an opening that China can easily exploit. As far as Russia policy goes, the further the West goes, the closer China comes.
While it is easy to criticize China’s noninterference policy and neutrality on Ukraine, it is not significantly different from Nixon and Kissinger’s decision to look beyond ideology in the 1970s. Pursuing a tangible national interest over ideological considerations, China has been able to deepen economic ties with Russia to ease the impact of Western sanctions. To address its growing energy needs, China is working on a second pipeline project with Russia to import much-needed natural resources. And next month, Xi Jinping will be the guest of honor at Russia’s WWII commemorative parade, which American and European leaders plan to boycott.
China’s strategic opening should come as no surprise to the U.S. There remain significant differences between Russia and China but the more Washington pushes and pivots, the closer Moscow and Beijing will become. Rather than continually isolating Russia over its actions in Ukraine and denouncing China for remaining neutral, the U.S. would be best served to once again cast off ideologically motivated policy in favor of real politik.
Special Frontier Force vs The Evil Red Empire – Red China .
Special Frontier Force VS The Evil Red Empire – Red China .
Special Frontier Force VS The Evil Red Empire – Red China .
Special Frontier Force VS The Evil Red Empire – Red China .
Special Frontier Force VS The Evil Red Empire – Red China .
Special Frontier Force VS The Evil Red Empire – Red China .
Special Frontier Force VS The Evil Red Empire – Red China.
Special Frontier Force VS The Evil Red Empire – Red China .
Special Frontier Force VS The Evil Red Empire – Red China .
Special Frontier Force VS The Evil Red Empire – Red China .
Special Frontier Force VS The Evil Red Empire – Red China .
Special Frontier Force VS The Evil Red Empire – Red China.
Special Frontier Force VS The Evil Red Empire – Red China .
Special Frontier Force VS The Evil Red Empire – Red China.
Special Frontier Force VS The Evil Red Empire – Red China . Kissinger was sworn in as Secretary of State in September 1973. He was the Adviser, National Security Affairs when he misused his position to formulate the US Foreign Policy.
Special Frontier Force VS The Evil Red Empire – Red China .
Special Frontier Force VS The Evil Red Empire – Red China .
Special Frontier Force VS The Evil Red Empire – Red China .
Special Frontier Force VS The Evil Red Empire – Red China .
Special Frontier Force VS The Evil Red Empire – Red China .
Special Frontier Force VS The Evil Red Empire – Red China .
SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE VS THE EVIL RED EMPIRE : WHAT IS THE FUTURE OF TIBET??? FOR HOW LONG TIBETANS HAVE TO LIVE UNDER THE TYRANNY OF OCCUPATION??? WHEN WILL COMMUNIST CHINA LOSE ITS MILITARY GRIP OVER LHASA???
On Wednesday, April 15, 2015, People’s Republic of China released a white paper to describe Tibet’s Progress and Development. The Tibet it describes is known as TAR or Tibetan Autonomous Region that Red China created in 1965. As such this white paper does not describe the national entity called Tibet. The white paper traces the history of origin of Tibetan Resistance Movement that eventually resulted in creation of a military organization called Special Frontier Force. This Organization aims to evict the occupier of Tibet. China’s white paper describes China’s position on the demand for full autonomy. China claims that it is rejecting the demand for full autonomy as it may lead to Tibet’s full independence. In human history, empires have risen, and empires have fallen. The Evil Empire of Red China will not be an exception and I predict that Beijing is Doomed and its fate or destiny was written long ago and sealed in a scripture called ‘REVELATION’ which describes The Day of Reckoning.
SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE VS THE EVIL RED EMPIRE : FOR SIXTY FIVE YEARS, TIBETANS HAVE LIVED UNDER MILITARY OCCUPATION . WHAT IS TIBET’S FUTURE???? HOW TO EVICT THE EVIL RED EMPIRE FROM TIBET????
In my view, the occupier of Tibet faces inevitable destruction by an apocalyptic event without the need to fight him in a direct battle. The prophetic vision of this enemy’s defeat is in The Old Testament Book of Isaiah, The Book of Psalms-Psalm 137, and The New Testament Book of Revelation.
SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE VS THE EVIL RED EMPIRE : IN MY PROPHETIC VISION, I PREDICT THAT THE EVIL RED EMPIRE WILL BE DESTROYED BY AN APOCALYPTIC EVENT FORETOLD IN THE BOOKS OF BIBLE.
They predict a sudden destruction of Evil not through warfare but by a cosmic event which involves the Evil Empire getting hit by an asteroid thrown down to cause its utter ruin.
THE EVIL RED EMPIRE:
SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE VS THE EVIL RED EMPIRE : MAO ZEDONG OR MAO TSE-TUNG PROCLAIMS THE FOUNDING OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA IN PEKING (BEIJING) ON OCTOBER 01, 1949. THIS NATION IS FOUNDED ON THE IDEOLOGY OF COMMUNISM FOLLOWING “RED REVOLUTION.” THIS RED CHINA IS AN EVIL EMPIRE FROM ITS BIRTH .
I am using this name to specifically describe a political entity called People’s Republic of China proclaimed by Mao tse-Tung or Mao Zedong on October 01, 1949.
SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE VS THE EVIL RED EMPIRE : RED CHINA FOUNDED BY MAO TSE-TUNG IS MORE EVIL THAN HITLER’S NAZI GERMANY. AFTER THE FALL OF SOVIET UNION, RED CHINA HAS BECOME THE MOST EVIL EMPIRE OF THE PRESENT DAY WORLD .
In the past, US President Ronald Reagan may have used the phrase ‘Evil Empire’ to describe Soviet Union.
SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE VS THE EVIL RED EMPIRE : APRIL 26, 1984 . US PRESIDENT RONALD REAGAN WITH EVIL CHINA’S PRESIDENT LI XIANNIAN IN PEKING . RED CHINA IS MORE EVIL AS COMPARED TO RED SOVIET UNION IN 1984.
To the Jews of Biblical times, Babylonia became a byword for evil, for she was the nation that had destroyed Jerusalem and its Temple to God. The New Testament Book of Revelation refers to Babylonia and many experts recognize the symbolism of “Babylon The Great.” It is more likely Revelation used the word Babylon as a coded name and it simply intended to predict the downfall of Roman Empire.
SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE VS THE EVIL RED EMPIRE : THE WOMAN ON THE SCARLET BEAST . “THE WOMAN YOU SAW IS THE GREAT CITY THAT RULES OVER THE KINGS OF THE EARTH . ” IT IS NOT BABYLON . IT IS NOT ROME . IT IS NOT BERLIN . IT IS NOT MOSCOW . INDEED IT IS BEIJING .
Now, world is not facing any danger from former Evil Empires like Babylonia, Rome, or Soviet Union. Those empires wiped out and do not exist any more. For all practical purposes, after the fall of Nazi Germany, the breakup of Soviet Union, the only Evil Empire that exists is that of Red China. Historically, China’s rulers include The Shang dynasty, Chou dynasty, Chin dynasty, Han dynasty, T’ang dynasty, Sung dynasty, Yuan dynasty, Ming dynasty, and Ch’ing or Manchu dynasty, the last one ruled from 1644 to 1912. Red China formulated by Communist Party Chairman Mao tse-Tung is ideologically driven and he and his party is responsible for pain and suffering imposed on millions of people.
THE RED DRAGON:
SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE VS THE EVIL RED EMPIRE : RED DRAGON IS A MYTHICAL OR LEGENDARY ANIMAL OF FRIGHTENING PROPORTIONS . IT IS ANOTHER NAME FOR SATAN, THE DEVIL, WHO IS OFTEN DEPICTED AS A SERPENT , BEAST , JACKAL, MALE GOAT, SEA MONSTER, AND OTHERS SYMBOLIZING EVIL POWER WHICH IS PHYSICAL FORCE APPLIED IN RECKLESS MANNER TO EVENTUALLY CAUSE PAIN AND SUFFERING .
Dragon is a mythical or legendary animal which combines several features of snake and lizard. It symbolizes force and power that evokes a sense of great fear. In China, and Japan, the dragon may have some benevolent attributes.
SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE VS THE EVIL RED EMPIRE : DRAGON SYMBOLIZED IMPERIAL CHINA’S POWER . THE RED DRAGON OF BIBLE SYMBOLIZES SIN, DISOBEDIENCE , RECKLESSNESS, FORCEFULNESS, REBELLIOUSNESS OF SATAN, THE DEVIL .
In China, from ancient times, dragon was the emblem of the Imperial family, and until the founding of the Republic(1911), the dragon adorned the Chinese flag. In Christian tradition, the dragon symbolizes an evil power and it is thought to be a physical manifestation of Satan or The Devil. Satan symbolizes Sin, Disobedience of God, rebelliousness, recklessness, wickedness and supernatural power which brings people to utter ruination or eternal damnation in Hell.
The Hebrew words “TANNIM” and “TANNIN” appear thirteen and fourteen times respectively in The Old Testament Books. They are translated as Dragon, Jackal, sea-monster, Serpent, Whale, Wolf, and The Beast. These are large creatures with a frightening aspect.
In The New Testament Book of Revelation, Satan is referred to as a dragon in Chapter 12, verse 3: “Then another sign appeared in Heaven; an enormous red dragon with seven heads and ten horns and seven crowns on its heads.” The relationship between the Evil Empire called Babylon and The Devil is described in Revelation, Chapter 17, verse 3: “Then the angel carried me away in the spirit into a desert. There I saw a woman sitting on a scarlet beast that was covered with blasphemous names and had seven heads and ten horns.” Revelation, Chapter 17, verse 18 describes the symbolism of The Woman on The Beast: “The woman you saw is the great city that rules over the kings of the earth.” In present times, the only great city associated with The Evil Empire is Peking or Beijing. It matches with description of Babylon as the seat of Power and Wealth.
THE FALL OF EVIL EMPIRE: A PRAYER IN THE BOOK OF PSALMS:
Psalm 137 was composed by captive Jews in Babylon. Verse 8 reflects their hope and expectation: “O Daughter of Babylon, doomed to destruction, happy is he who repays you for what you have done to us….” People in occupied Tibet are held captive in their own Land and they are all waiting for their release, for liberation, and for salvation that will end the pain, and misery of decades of brutal oppression and tyrannical rule by Beijing. Babylon is a coded substitute for Beijing and the Fall of Babylon is The Fall of Beijing.
THE FALL BY A SUDDEN CATASTROPHE:
God predicts that the Great Queen Babylon(Beijing) will become a harlot, and will be surprised by a sudden catastrophe. Prophet Isaiah reveals the scenario of this sudden catastrophe in Chapter 47, verses 10, 11, 12, and 15:
“You have trusted in your wickedness and have said, ‘No one sees me.’ Your wisdom and knowledge mislead you When you say to yourself, ‘I am and there is none besides me.’
“Disaster will come upon you that you cannot ward off with a ransom; a catastrophe you cannot foresee will suddenly come upon you.”
“Keep on, then, with your magic spells and with your many sorceries, which you have labored at since childhood. Perhaps you will succeed, perhaps you will cause terror.”
“That is all they can do for you – these you have labored with and trafficked with since childhood. Each of them goes on in his error; There is not one that can save you.”
THE FALL OF BABYLON(BEIJING)- PROPHESY IN ‘REVELATION’:
The Book of Revelation, Chapter 18 gives a detailed account of the Fall of Evil Empire and describes the mechanism for its destruction. The kings of the earth who committed adultery with her, the merchants of the earth who traded with her, every sea-captain, the sailors, and all who earn their earn their living from the sea will stand far off, terrified at her torment. They will weep and mourn and cry out:
“Woe! Woe , O great city, dressed in fine linen, purple and scarlet, and glittering with gold, precious stones and pearls! In one hour such great wealth has been brought to ruin!”
In one hour, the great wealth and power of Beijing will be brought to ruin as foretold in verse# 21:
“Then a mighty angel picked up a boulder the size of a large millstone and threw it into the sea, and said: “With such violence the great city of Babylon will be thrown down, never to be found again.”
China calls on Dalai Lama to ‘put aside illusions’ about talks
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The Dalai Lama gestures during a public talk and teachings event at St. Jakobshalle, in Basel February …
BEIJING (Reuters) – China on Wednesday urged the exiled Tibetan spiritual leader, the Dalai Lama, to “put aside his illusions” about talks on Tibet’s future and accused him of insincerity and covertly pushing for independence, rather than autonomy.
China has ruled Tibet with an iron fist since troops “peacefully liberated” the region in 1950. The Dalai Lama fled into exile in India in 1959 after an abortive uprising against Chinese rule.
Representatives of the Nobel Peace laureate held rounds of talks with China until 2010, but formal dialogue has stalled amid leadership changes in Beijing and a crackdown in Tibet.
In a lengthy white paper released by the official Xinhua news agency, the government said that having failed to use violence to achieve their goals, the Dalai Lama and his supporters had little understanding of modern Tibet and “a sentimental attachment to the old theocratic feudal serfdom”.
“The only sensible alternative is for the Dalai Lama and his supporters to accept that Tibet has been part of China since antiquity, to abandon their goals of dividing China and seeking independence for Tibet,” it said.
“The central government hopes that the Dalai Lama will put aside his illusions in his remaining years and face up to reality,” the government said in the white paper, released in both English and Chinese.
Beijing has been disappointed that the Dalai Lama remains committed to the Middle Way – which he says merely seeks genuine autonomy for the Himalayan region – and this is something China cannot accept as its real goal is still independence, it added.
“None of the negotiations were conducted in good faith – it was always the intention of the Dalai Lama and his supporters to divide China and achieve independence for Tibet,” it added.
The Tibetan government in exile, based in India, said in an emailed statement that condemning the Middle Way showed Beijing’s failure to come up with an alternative.
“The Middle Way Policy seeks genuine autonomy within the framework of the constitution of the People’s Republic of China which is a win-win proposition for all parties and one lauded throughout the world including various governments,” it said.
The Dalai Lama denies espousing violence and says he only wants genuine autonomy for Tibet, though China has repeatedly said he is insincere.
China has recently stepped up its rhetoric against the Dalai Lama. He is being received by fewer and fewer foreign leaders in recent years, because of the anger it draws from China, the world’s second-largest economy.
(Reporting by Ben Blanchard; Editing by Clarence Fernandez)
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SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE VS THE EVIL RED EMPIRE : APRIL 26, 1984 . US PRESIDENT RONALD REAGAN WITH EVIL CHINA’S PRESIDENT LI XIANNIAN IN PEKING . RED CHINA IS MORE EVIL AS COMPARED TO RED SOVIET UNION IN 1984.
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SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE VS THE EVIL RED EMPIRE : IN MY PROPHETIC VISION, I PREDICT THAT THE EVIL RED EMPIRE WILL BE DESTROYED BY AN APOCALYPTIC EVENT FORETOLD IN THE BOOKS OF BIBLE.
SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE VS THE EVIL RED EMPIRE : RED DRAGON IS A MYTHICAL OR LEGENDARY ANIMAL OF FRIGHTENING PROPORTIONS . IT IS ANOTHER NAME FOR SATAN, THE DEVIL, WHO IS OFTEN DEPICTED AS A SERPENT , BEAST , JACKAL, MALE GOAT, SEA MONSTER, AND OTHERS SYMBOLIZING EVIL POWER WHICH IS PHYSICAL FORCE APPLIED IN RECKLESS MANNER TO EVENTUALLY CAUSE PAIN AND SUFFERING .
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SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE VS THE EVIL RED EMPIRE : FOR SIXTYFIVE YEARS, TIBETANS HAVE LIVED UNDER MILITARY OCCUPATION . WHAT IS TIBET’S FUTURE???? HOW TO EVICT THE EVIL RED EMPIRE FROM TIBET????
SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE VS THE EVIL RED EMPIRE : MAO ZEDONG OR MAO TSE-TUNG PROCLAIMS THE FOUNDING OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA IN PEKING (BEIJING) ON OCTOBER 01, 1949. THIS NATION IS FOUNDED ON THE IDEOLOGY OF COMMUNISM FOLLOWING “RED REVOLUTION.” THIS RED CHINA IS AN EVIL EMPIRE FROM ITS BIRTH .
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SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE VS THE EVIL RED EMPIRE : RED CHINA FOUNDED BY MAO TSE-TUNG IS MORE EVIL THAN HITLER’S NAZI GERMANY. AFTER THE FALL OF SOVIET UNION, RED CHINA HAS BECOME THE MOST EVIL EMPIRE OF THE PRESENT DAY WORLD .
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SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE VS THE EVIL RED EMPIRE : DRAGON SYMBOLIZED IMPERIAL CHINA’S POWER . THE RED DRAGON OF BIBLE SYMBOLIZES SIN, DISOBEDIENCE , RECKLESSNESS, FORCEFULNESS, REBELLIOUSNESS OF SATAN, THE DEVIL .
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SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE VS THE EVIL RED EMPIRE : THE WOMAN ON THE SCARLET BEAST . “THE WOMAN YOU SAW IS THE GREAT CITY THAT RULES OVER THE KINGS OF THE EARTH . ” IT IS NOT BABYLON . IT IS NOT ROME . IT IS NOT BERLIN . IT IS NOT MOSCOW . INDEED IT IS BEIJING .
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SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE VS THE EVIL RED EMPIRE : WHAT IS THE FUTURE OF TIBET??? FOR HOW LONG TIBETANS HAVE TO LIVE UNDER THE TYRANNY OF OCCUPATION??? WHEN WILL COMMUNIST CHINA LOSE ITS MILITARY GRIP OVER LHASA???
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