TRUTH AND REALITY – “I AM CONSCIOUSNESS”

WHAT IS TRUTH?

The Truth about Self, The Inquiry about Self, WHO AM I?

The term Truth suggests confirmity with facts, experience, or with Reality, either as an idealized abstraction or in actual application to statements, ideas, acts, etc., Truth signifies an established or verified fact, or principle. Truth is related to the validity of what we mean. Plato defined the nature of Truth as correspondence between thought and reality. Dr. William Jones in his book, ‘The Principles of Psychology’ states : “True ideas are those we can assimilate, validate, corroborate, and verify.” The universe is vast and man’s role in it is insignificant. Man’s great need is not only to know the world around him but also know himself better. Man has to know the Truth about himself.

THE THREE DIMENSIONS OF TRUTH :

1. Truth is correspondence between a statement and the reality of external world.

2. Truth is correspondence between the observer and the reality of the observed fact. Here, we need to recognize the method used for the observation such as intuition, sense experience, or revelation.

3. Truth is correspondence between man and his true nature.

LORD JESUS CHRIST – TRUTH AS PROPHECY :

The Truth of Jesus, The Book of John, Chapter 20, verse 29: Jesus said to him(Thomas), “Have you come to believe because you have seen me? Blessed are those who have not seen and have believed.” Truth-Is it a matter of sight or sense experience, or is it a matter of faith and belief?
TRUTH AND REALITY - I AM CONSCIOUSNESS : ROMAN GOVERNOR PILATE ASKED JESUS,
TRUTH AND REALITY – I AM CONSCIOUSNESS : ROMAN GOVERNOR PILATE ASKED JESUS, “WHAT IS TRUTH “?

The Truth about Lord Jesus Christ had come to a very critical scrutiny while he got arrested and stood before Pilate, the Roman Governor. The Book of John, Chapter 18, verses 37 and 38 record the conversation between Jesus and Pilate: So Pilate said to him, “Then you are a King?” Jesus answered, “You say I am a King. For this I was born, and for this I came into the world, to testify to the truth. Everyone who belongs to the truth listens to my voice.”  “What is truth?” Pilate asked. Jesus did not answer the question as the truth must have correspondence with reality in external world. The truth of Jesus is about establishment of Kingdom of Heaven upon Earth. It was a prophetic truth and the truth would be evident only when the Prophecy comes true.

LORD GAUTAMA BUDDHA – TRUTH AS EXPERIENCE  :

Lord Gautama Buddha stated: “The greatest miracle was to explain the truth and to make man realize it.”

Lord Gautama Buddha known as Siddhartha( He who will accomplish ), c. 563 B.C to c. 483 B.C., left the palace at the age of 29 leaving behind his young wife and infant son. After six years of ascetic life, while meditating under a Pipal tree ( later called BODHI or Enlightenment Tree ), he became Supreme Buddha( c. 528 B.C. ) at the age of 35. He had preached his first sermon at Sarnath. He had outlined his Doctrine of Four Noble Truths and the First Noble Truth is that of suffering, the experience of pain and sorrow called DUKHA  is implicit in human existence. Buddha’s truth is related to man’s experience of the nature of his existence in the world. I maintain that man exists at any stage of his existence, at any given age, under any given circumstance, in either good health or ill health, in pain and suffering or that of joy and happiness due to the operation of a Fundamental Force/Power/Energy that delivers Mercy/Grace/Compassion. If suffering describes one face of the coin called human existence, Compassion describes the second face of the same coin. Compassion is implicit in human existence and that of all living things.

LORD RAMA – TRUTH IN ACTION  :

“WHO AM I? WHY I AM LIKE THIS?” were the questions asked by Lord Rama and these are the questions that we need to ask ourselves to know the Truth about Self.

In an epic poem known as Ramayana, Indian poet Valmiki described Lord Rama’s life journey. Rama spent 14 years in the forest to help fulfilment of the word or promise made by his father. In the final Chapter, Book Six, Yuddha Kanda, Chapter( Sarga ) 117, verse 11, he had asked the following question:

“aatmaanaM  maanuShaM manye RaamaM Dasharathaatmajam;

so aHaM yasya yatashchaahaM bhagavaMstadbraviitu me.”

“I think of myself to be a human being, by name Rama, the son of Dasaratha. You, as a gracious Divintiy tell me who I am and why I am like this?”

In the story of Ramayana, the Creator Lord Brahma responded to the questions asked by Lord Rama. These are the questions that we need to ask ourselves. To know Truth about Self, man must begin his inquiry with the question of WHO AM I?

THE INQUIRY ABOUT SELF – WHO AM I?  :

Socrates before taking poison that would end his life had stated: “The unexamined life is not worth living.” “Know thyself” is a virtue and to defend that virtue, Socrates made no attempt to save his life.

The tradition of knowing oneself is a longer tradition than any other Science. This is a study in which the Knower and the Known are one. The object of scientific inquiry is the nature of the scientist.

HOW TO DISCOVER THE TRUTH ABOUT SELF?   :

Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud: “No knowledge can be obtained from revelation, intuition, or inspiration.”

Religion, Philosophy, and Science may represent three distinct fields of learning about Truth and Reality. Each tries to answer fundamental questions about human life. All three differ from each other in the selection of method and subject matter. Auguste Comte, the 19th century French philosopher, the founder of Sociology had described Positive Science as the study of natural, mental, and social phenomena by empirical methods. In his view, Philosophy is mere speculation and Religion is superstition or irrational belief. Speculation represents a futile attempt to go behind the phenomena in order to discover ultimate causes or substances and such speculative methods may result in guess work or conjecture and not in knowledge. Philosophy may use Logic and system and yet its conclusions may lack the validity or objectivity of Science.The philosophical inquiry does not involve investigation by experiment. Science not only provides the knowledge that something is true, but also the reasons why it is true. The famous Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud had categorically claimed that no knowledge can be obtained from revelation, intuition, or inspiration. There is a tendency in modern times to reject the methods used by Religion and Philosophy. Philosophy may use intuitive generalization or induction fromordinary sense experience. The scientific method involves induction from an inference from experiments which involve testing and verifying a hypothesis. The observations of scientist go beyond the experiences which ordinary men have in the course of daily life. The instruments that are invented and used by scientists have immense abilities to collect numerous kinds of empirical data with precision, accuracy, and consistency. However, it may not be easy to conclude that Science alone can arrive at correspondence with Truth and Reality. Could we extend scientific methodology of investigation to every field of Inquiry? Could we obtain clarity and certainity in all matters using scientific methods? Could Science  be the only avenue to Truth? Could we find Truth and Reality as an external experience? Could man use scientific information to experience Truth and Reality?

Sir Issac Newton demonstrated the properties of Light rays using experimets. Science explains this optical illusion. Could Science remove the optical illusion and give man a chance to experience the reality of this Pencil. The Reality of this Pencil would be known when the Pencil is removed from water and man has no ability to change the properties of Light rays.

When a object exists in  a conditioned state, like this Pencil in water, Science may explain the illusion generated. Science and scientific information may not provide the direct experience of Truth and Reality. Man is the observer, and the reality or truth of Earth’s Angular Speed, or Linear Speed is not an observed fact obtained by direct human sense experience. Scientific information can not provide the experience that could be generated by the truth and reality of Earth’s Motion.

THE PURPOSE OF SCIENCE  : THE KNOWLEDGE ABOUT SELF  :

The purpose of Science is to describe observation and experience and provide accepted body of information and arrange it into a meaningful pattern to explain truth and reality.

The purpose of Science is to describe and codify observation and experiences. Natural Sciences such as Physical Sciences, Biological Sciences, and Medical Sciences provide accepted body of information about the world and human body. We need to arrange this information into a meaningful pattern and interpret it to describe the Reality or Truth about man. We need to apply a reasoning process which involves analysis of basic concepts to determine their consistency. Something could be said to be true if, and only if it could be verified by logical or scientific procedures. We need to use a reasoning process, a philosophical analysis to clarify statements, to verify or refute a theoretical claim by demonstrating relation between the theoretical claim and the observational evidence.

THE SELF AND THE KNOWING SELF  :

I divide man into two categories; 1. The Self : it represents the man as a physical, mental, and social being. The Self represents the thinking person or the person having thoughts, and feelings. 2. The Knowing Self : it represents man as a moral, and spiritual being. The Knowing Self is aware or Conscious of the thoughts and feelings of The Self.

THINKING vs CONSCIOUSNESS  :

Dr Florian Mormann & Dr Christof Koch have defined Neural Correlates of Consciousness as the minimal neuronal mechanism jointly sufficient for any one specific Conscious percept. This definition basically makes no distinction between Thinking and Consciousness. The NCC definition is not based on correct understanding of the function known as Consciousness. It fails to speak about the role of Reticular Formation, and Brain Stem Nuclei that have the Capacity of Consciousness. The Capacity of Consciousness is an essential precondition of the Content of Consciousness. The Reticular Formation filters incoming stimuli to discriminate irrelevant background stimuli and composes the Content of Consciousness before relaying the information to the Cerebral hemispheres to cause Cortical awareness.

The Self may think about the nature of consciousness, but Thinking and Consciousness are two distinct functions. Thinking and Consciousness are not one and the same. Consciousness functions to provide Awareness and it is not involved in mental activities such as Thinking. The Reticular Formation supports functions such as AROUSAL and it maintains wakefulness, alertness, and sleep. In the absence of this Brain Stem function, the Individual is not capable of generating thoughts, and feelings and would not be aware of what goes on inside the Individual, and what goes on outside the Individual.

In Clinical Medicine, the medical practitioner evaluates the Level of Arousal or Alertness of his patient.

THE INDIIDUAL – IDENTITY AND INDIVIDUALITY – THE TWO SIDES OF THE SAME COIN  :

The Self has two aspects- External Reality describes the Identity of the Individual; Internal Reality establishes the Individuality of the Individual.

If man is viewed as a living thing, the thing is made of Matter and Form. The Form establishes the morphological appearance in the external world. The Matter establishes the Individuality of the Individual. The external appearance or Phenotype of man undergoes constant change and is not the same at all times. The Individuality is related to the Genotype which remains constant while man goes through various stages of his existence from conception to old age. As per The Law of Individuality and Creation, man is a created being who would always exist as an Individual with Individuality and man has no choice other than that of existing as an Individual. The Truth about Self is not about the Identity of the Individual in terms of his anthropometric measurements, biometric information, name, gender, race, ethnicity, language, religion, nationality, education, social occupation, social status or social ranking, and affiliations. This external reality has a degree of correspondence in the external world as it is often confirmed  and is recognized by others who can observe the Individual. But this knowledge is subject to change and the information it provides is not experienced in a constant, and objective manner. The Truth about Self is the Truth about the human organism which is multicellular. We need to know as to who or what is the subject who lives because of the functions of the trillions of cells that comprise the human organism.

WHO AM I?  –  “I AM CONSCIOUSNESS”  :

WHO AM I? This question must be answered by applying a reasoning process to Inferential Knowledge about Cell Structure(ANATOMY) and Cell Functions(PHYSIOLOGY). Life is defined as “Knowledge in Action.”

All living organisms use similar building units called cells. Basically, the cell has a membrane, a nucleus, and a living substance known as Protoplasm. The nucleus has nucleic acids like DNA/RNA which have no independent existence of their own. The genome functions when it is associated with Protoplasm which has the exclusive ability to obtain energy( food ) from its environment. Consciousness is a natural principle that describes the condition of an Individual; the condition of knowing, awareness, or recognizing the fact, the state, and the act of biological existence in a given environment. The term environment refers to all the conditions, circumstances, and influences surrounding, and affecting the existence of a given Individual, or a group of Individuals. Who is this Individual who has the ability to know and be aware of its external, and internal environment? The Individual is a living organism and the organism could be unicellular or multicellular. The most fundamental aspect of Consciousness as a living function that establishes biological existence is that of acquiring energy from environment. The living cell is a thermodynamically unstable system. This means that without continuous input of energy, a cell will degrade spontaneously into a non living collection of molecules.

“I AM CONSCIOUSNESS” – THE VERIFICATION OF THE PROPOSITION  :

The proposition that “I am Consciousness” could be subjected to a reasoning process in two manners: 1. The Coherence Theory of Truth, and 2. The Correspondence Theory of Truth.

1. “I am Consciousness” – The Coherence Theory of Truth : The standard of Truth is the logical consistency of a proposition with a large system of propositions. “I am Consciousness” is the proposition. The propositions to support my proposition are :

a. Consciousness is a mental experience.

b. Consciousness is a sense experience.

c. Consciousness is a physical or body experience.

d. Consciousness is a social experience.

e. Consciousness is a moral experience.

f. Consciousness is a spiritual experience.

g. Consciousness is a cellular experience.

The Subject “I am” of the proposition could be defined as a physical, mental, social, moral, and spiritual being based upon the contents of the ‘Total Consciousness’ experience of that Individual.

2. “I am Consciousness” – The Correspondence Theory of Truth  : Truth is viewed as a relation between an idea or proposition and its object. “I am Consciousness” is the proposition. The Subject known as “I am” is related to an idea or object described as “Consciousness.” We need to verify the Truth or Reality of a relation between the Subject and its Object. The Subject is the whole or entire human organism comprising of trillions of individual cells which function as organs and tissues of the body. The Subject “I am” can not be defined merely as a single individual,specific organ like brain or mind. The body organ called brain has no independent existence of its own. Brain and its cells( neurons, axons, and connective tissue ) need energy to sustain its metabolic activities. The functional relationship between the Subject and the Object operates and involves the activity of the entire organism and is not limited to the activities of brain or mind. The purpose of Consciousness at cellular level is to foster functional unity of the multicellular organism and establish it as an Individual. A living thing maintains it Individuality while being a member of a given social group. The process by which a living cell acquires energy to perform its living functions is called ‘NUTRITION’. Consciousness is the awareness of energy dependent existence in a given environment and it is the characteristic of all living cells irrespective of their differentiation, functional subordination, and identification as the constituent parts of specific organs, tissues, and organ systems. The idea or Object called “Consciousness” is fundamentally related to the Subject called “I am” both at the level of the entire organism and at the level of individual cells.

HUMAN KNOWLEDGE AND SELF-KNOWLEDGE  :

WHO AM I? Lord Krishna described Himself in The Bhagavad Gita, Chapter X, The Opulence of the Absolute, verse 22:”Of the Vedas, I am the Sama Veda; of the demigods, I am Indra; of the senses, I am the Mind; and in Living Beings, I AM CONSCIOUSNESS.”

Human Knowledge is of two kinds; 1. Acquired Knowledge that is dependent upon sense experience, and reason, and 2. Innate or Intuitive Knowledge, the genetic information, the biological information that all living cells and organisms use to perform living functions and to exhibit biological behavior and instincts. Knowledge about Self, or Self-Knowledge begins with the implantation of Consciousness in Matter and not as Sense experience, and not on account of rational thinking with application of reason.

Rudranarasimham,Rebbapragada,

BHAVANAJAGAT.ORG

Related Articles

WHAT IS CONSCIOUSNESS?

Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Professor of Anatomy and Physiology, Dean of the Harvard Medical School 1847-1882. “To live is to function and that is all there is in living.” Life is defined by the nature of its living functions. Consciousness is the absolute characteristic of all living functions and so I define Life as “Knowledge in Action.”

WHAT IS CONSCIOUSNESS?

Why is this baby crying? Is it hunger? Is it thirst? Is it a wet diaper? Is it earache? Is it fever? Is it too hot? Is it too cold? Is it gripes or colic? Is it to get attention? Is it Consciousness? The baby is aware of something. The baby is aware of its existence in an environment and is also aware of its internal condition.

Consciousness is described as a state of knowing, or awareness, or recognizing the existence, truth, or fact of ‘something’. What is that ‘something’ that is known or recognized by Consciousness ? I propose to explore the contents of Consciousness to answer the question of what is Consciousness ?

CONSCIOUSNESS IS A SENSE EXPERIENCE:

What is Consciousness? Is it awareness of Sense Perception? Is it awareness of Thought? Is it awareness of Mood and Feeling? Is it awareness of Existence? Can there be any Perception without Existence? What is that Exists and Knows that it Exists?
The Neural Correlates of Consciousness defined by Mormann & Koch explores Consciousness as a sense experience. It fails to understand the Totality of Consciousness.

Consciousness is generally viewed as a form of relationship or act of the mind towards objects in nature. Consciousness has been described as a continuous field or stream of mental sense-data. Some biologists and neurophysiologists view Consciousness as a brain function and describe it as an exclusive function of the nerve cells; neuronal and axonal function. Dr. Florian Mormann and Dr. Christof Koch have defined Neural Correlates of Consciousness( Florian Mormann & Christof Koch(2007) NCC, Scholarpedia 2(12):1740 ) as the minimal neuronal mechanisms jointly sufficient for any one specific conscious percept. Further, Mormann & Koch state that, “Consciousness is a puzzling, state-dependent property of certain types of complex, biological, adaptive, and highly connected systems. A Science of Consciousness must strive to explain the exact relationship between phenomenal, mental states and brain states.” They have posed the question: ” What is the nature of the relationship between the immaterial, conscious mind and its physical basis in the electro-chemical interactions in the body? The answer to this question is very simple. Consciousness is related to a material substance that is called Protoplasm and electro-chemical interactions in the body describe the properties of this living substance or material. The brain cells and all other cells have the same basic features; they are constituted by Protoplasm which has a Biological Membrane to define the limits of the Cell. Mormann & Koch also erroneously suggest that, “Only a few particular systems can experience anything, why they are Conscious and other systems such as the enteric nervous system or the immune system are not Conscious.” The enteric nervous system does in fact provide a wide range of Conscious experiences. A baby would respond with a cry when it experiences gripes or colic. In the practice of Clinical Medicine, evaluation of pain as a symptom and as a diagnostic clinical sign plays a very significant role. The pain experienced by an individual with gastrointestinal, or genitourinary problems, or from inflammation of tissues and organs, and from problems with skeleton and musculature is registered by Consciousness. The immune system behaves in a Conscious manner and displays specificity, selectivity, and memory. A Living Cell is a highly complex, biological, adaptive, and highly connected system known in Natural Science. A simple understanding of various cell functions would explain this issue. For example, mitochondria are organelles found within most cells which provide the cells with energy. Extensive protein translocation occurs in mitochondria where about one thousand different polypeptides are imported from the cytosol. This event is orchestrated by distinct translocation machineries in the outer and the inner mitochondrial membranes. Mitochondria display functional awareness and perform the task of oxidising sugars and fats in a deliberate, and sequential manner that involves the use of different enzymes to facilitate each chemical reaction. 

CONSCIOUSNESS IS A PHYSICAL OR BODY EXPERIENCE – THE CONCEPT OF HOMEOSTASIS  :
 
Apart from thoughts, intellect, feelings, moods, and perception of various sensory information, man is aware of the fact of and the state or condition of his physical existence. Man is aware or Conscious of hunger, thirst, and sexual drive. Man is aware of vital functions like respiration, and circulation. Man is alerted and often reacts with a sense of fear when these vital functions are disturbed or threatened in a significant manner. Consciousness or awareness includes awareness of bodily functions such as appetite, lack of appetite, nausea, vomiting sensation, deglutition( the act of swallowing food and drink ), satiation, and the functions of excretion and the associated sensations like the fullness of the bladder, and rectum. The human organism has awareness of its internal condition such as the state of hydration, water and electrolyte balance, and acid/base balance. The chemical events collectively called “metabolism” require concentration of hydrogen ions and electrolytes to remain within narrow limits in the tissue cells and in the fluids which bathes them. Body responds to both volume changes and changes in the osmotic pressure of the body fluids. Life is possible only if the hydrogen ion concentration of body fluid is kept within a narrow range. In health, a blood hydrogen ion concentration of 36-44 nmol/liter or pH 7.37 – 7.45 is maintained by several closely integrated but widely differing mechanisms. 19th century French physiologist Claude Bernard had defined “Homeostasis” as “all the vital mechanisms, varied as they are, have only one object; that of preserving constant the conditions of life.” All living things maintain a constant internal environment or Internal Milieu. Living cells and organisms are aware or Conscious of the environment in which they exist as well as the state of their own internal environment making possible to witness this phenomenon of Homeostasis.

CONSCIOUSNESS IS A CELLULAR EXPERIENCE:

All the solid tissues in the human body consist of cells that are essentially similar to an Ovum.

Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes, the former Dean of Harvard Medical School had defined Life by stating that, “To live is to function and that is all there is in living.” Who or what is the subject who lives because of its living functions? Consciousness is a cellular experience of the cells of the brain and the body. It is an experience shared by the Whole Organism. It is an experience shared by all the living cells. The living functions of cells include uptake and conversion of nutrients, synthesis of new molecules, production of energy, and regulation and coordination of metabolic sequences apart from function of reproduction by asexual cell division. All the solid tissues in the human body can be shown to consist largely of similar cells, differing it is true, but that are essentially similar to an ovum. The most significant feature of similarity between the cells is presence of a soft, gelatinous, semi-fluid, granular material inside the cell. This substance known as Protoplasm is similar to that found in the ovum or the egg cell. This viscous, translucent, colloidal substance is enclosed in a membrane called Plasma Membrane or Biological Membrane. A small, spherical body called nucleus is embedded in the protoplasm. The protoplasm could be differentiated into cytoplasm/cytosol, and nucleoplasm based upon its location. Cytoplasm refers to protoplasm located outside the nucleus. Nucleoplasm refers to the protoplasm located inside the nucleus. The two essential features of any living cell in the human body are that of presence of protoplasm and the nucleus. The most striking characteristics of protoplasm are its vital properties of “MOTION”, and “NUTRITION”. Protoplasm has the intrinsic power to change its shape and position and the motion is described as amoeboid movement as the motion is similar to the motion that is observed in Amoeba proteus. Nutrition is the power which protoplasm has of attracting or drawing the materials that are necessary for its growth and maintenance from surrounding matter/environment. Nutrition is not a passive, unguided, and physical event. The Biological Membrane or the Plasma Membrane allows a highly controlled exchange of matter across the barrier it poses; some compounds are able to pass through the Membrane easily, others are completely blocked. The Biological Membrane helps to maintain  cell’s internal environment or constant interior milieu in which intracellular reactions occur. To maintain life, the cell not only repairs or replaces, ( or both) its structures by continual synthesis of new organic molecules. This is characteristic of functional awareness or Consciousness that is at work at the cellular level. The human organism uses a repair process and it is described as Inflammation and Repair. Wound healing,  and hemostasis (or blood leakage or bleeding from an injured blood vessel is controlled) are natural mechanisms operated by Cellular Consciousness. Human existence is possible because of this valuable and protective healing process which comes into immediate play after an injury or damage. Similarly, the human organism defines its identity and defends its existence by deploying unique protein molecules such as the antibodies. Antibodies recognize their antigens or foreign protein molecules with high affinity and extreme selectivity. The ability to develop specific immunity to infection is only one consequence of a wider capacity in the individual to recognize and to specifically respond to the foreignness of an extensive range of biological substances that are not normally present in the body of that individual. The adaptive immune system remembers that particular infectious agent and can prevent it causing disease later. The immune system consists of a variety of molecules and cells that are distributed throughout the body. They play an important role in inflammation, tissue damage and repair, the killing of bacteria, viruses, and tumor cells. Cellular Consciousness defends human existence.

CONSCIOUSNESS IS A SOCIAL EXPERIENCE:

Sociology lays claim to the whole of human life beyond the biological level because virtually all human activities possess a social aspect. Consciousness can be viewed as the capacity in an individual to form harmonious relations with others and to participate in or contribute constructively to changes in the social environment. Man is a social being and he is aware of the social structures and the social organization that he is part of. Parental instincts and social instincts describe an aspect of social behavior exhibited by all animals. Animals exhibit social behaviors and form parental societies to care for their offspring. Bacteria come together to live as colonies. At cellular level, the social aspect of Consciousness is reflected by the cell’s abilities such as association, cooperation, communication using signaling molecules, recognition, and functional subordination in its interactions with other living cells present in its environment. In an Ecological System, the Consciousness plays the role to establish the interrelatedness, the interdependence, and the interconnectedness.

CONSCIOUSNESS IS A MORAL EXPERIENCE:

Consciousness is the attribute of a conscientious person. Conscious behavior is often described as conscientious action that is scrupulous, characterized by or done with careful attention. Conscience describes awareness of one’s own acts and the application of knowledge to discern an act as right or wrong, good or evil, selfish or altruistic. Man has the intrinsic ability to recognize his acts of transgression or sinful conduct. Man is a creature with conscience and hence exists as a moral being.

CONSCIOUSNESS IS A SPIRITUAL EXPERIENCE:

The word spiritual is often used to describe the fact of having a relationship based on sympathy of thought or feeling. Consciousness has a spiritual function as it establishes a relationship between the energy dependent living cell and its energy provider. The living cell is a thermodynamically unstable system. This means that without continuous input of energy, a cell will degrade spontaneously into a nonliving collection of molecules. The life’s journey of the human organism begins as a single cell, that of a fertilized egg cell. This single fertilized egg cell is Conscious of its existence, is Conscious of its energy dependence and it promptly connects itself to its energy provider. Human life begins to move forward when this egg cell implants itself into the maternal tissue and the biological mother has no cortical awareness of this implantation. Cortical awareness does not describe the Totality of Consciousness. The Science of Consciousness must describe the mental, the sensory, the physical, the cellular, the social, the moral, and the spiritual aspects of Consciousness.

CONSCIOUSNESS IS AWARENESS OF EXISTENCE IN AN ENVIRONMENT:

Amoeba proteus – Is this organism aware of its own existence in an environment? Is it aware of what goes on around it and what goes on within it?

Consciousness describes condition of an individual; condition of knowing, awareness, or recognizing the fact, the state, and the act of existence or living in a given environment. Thus, Consciousness is a natural principle that could explain what an individual knows and experiences about the world around one and inside one. There are two aspects of Consciousness that is registered subjectively by an individual; 1. Consciousness is a state of knowing or awareness of what goes on around an individual, and 2. Consciousness is a state of knowing or awareness of what goes on within the individual. Who is this individual who has ability to know and be aware of its external and internal environment ? The term environment refers to all the conditions, circumstances, and influences surrounding, and affecting existence of a given individual, or group of individuals. The individual is a living organism and the organism could be unicellular or multicellular.

CONSCIOUSNESS AND MATERIAL SUBSTANCE:

Consciousness is an absolute attribute of Life; it is the fundamental characteristic of living matter or living substance described as Protoplasm, Cytoplasm, Cytosol, Nucleoplasm, and etc.,

Consciousness is an absolute attribute of Life; it is the fundamental characteristic of living matter or living substance described as Protoplasm or Cytoplasm, the essential living matter or material substance of all animal, and plant cells. Wherever Protoplasm is found, irrespective of the size, shape, and form of the cell or of the living organism, the contents of its Consciousness could be discovered.

CONSCIOUSNESS – THE LAW OF INDIVIDUALITY AND CREATION:

Identity and Individuality are the two sides of the same Coin. The genome establishes the Identity, and Consciousness establishes the Individuality of a Living Cell or of a Living Organism.

The contents of Consciousness vary from individual to individual. There are individualistic variations in the contents of Consciousness. There can never be two identical living individuals. Even when the cells are cloned and have the same or identical genomes, the state, or condition of Protoplasm that is Conscious is never identical. With the same genome, or different genomes, the living cells can only exist or live as individuals and they have no other choice. The living substance is the same, and the nature of Consciousness is the same and yet the contents of Consciousness are not the same. This Individualistic variation of Consciousness is the characteristic of what I describe as ‘The Law of Individuality and Creation’.

THE PRINCIPLES OF CONSCIOUSNESS:

Consciousness is the natural, vital principle that moves and animates all Life. The Living Cell knows the fact of its existence, it knows as to where it exists, and knows as to how it is existing.

Consciousness is the natural principle, the vital principle that moves and animates all Life. It has a set of defining features; it is the principle by which a living cell or organism knows the fact of its own existence, it knows as to where it exists, and knows as to how it is existing. Cognition is described as the act of knowing. Cognitive Science involves the study of all human activities related to Knowledge. These activities include attention, creativity, memory, perception, problem solving, thinking, and the use of language. Cognition is the process involved in knowing, or the act of knowing which includes awareness and judgment. The nature of cognition, the relationship between the knowing mind and external reality, is applicable in the study of living functions that are characteristic of the living substance or material called Protoplasm. These functions at cellular level that require cognition include nutrition, reproduction, metabolism, and association with other living cells present in the immediate environment. The human brain is often viewed as the Seat of Knowledge. Human brain’s ability to acquire, process, store, and use of information is essentially  function of the cytoplasm of the brain cells. Cognitive functions like perception and memory would establish Protoplasm as the Seat of Knowledge.

CONSCIOUSNESS IN THE HUMAN ORGANISM:

The Human Organism is an association of trillions of individual living cells. Consciousness serves the purpose of Functional Unity and all the cells display adaptive functional subordination to serve the purpose of the Whole Organism or the Individual. There are two distinct aspects of human Consciousness;1. The Capacity for Consciousness, and 2. The Contents of Consciousness.

There are two distinct aspects of human Consciousness namely the Capacity for Consciousness and the Contents of Consciousness. When Consciousness is viewed as a psychological or strictly as a mental function, it is represented by the Contents of Consciousness, function of Cerebral Cortex. When Consciousness is understood as a biological or living function, it is represented by the aspect of Capacity for Consciousness. The upper brain-stem, the neural structures like the Reticular Formation, and Thalamus function to compose the contents of Consciousness and project the contents to the cerebral hemispheres via the tracts of the Ascending Reticular Activating System. Integrity of these neurons and neural connections is important to maintain the alertness, and Arousal State of the Whole Organism in its relationship to its environment and internal maintenance of coordination of various living functions.

THE GRADING OF CONSCIOUSNESS IN CLINICAL MEDICINE:

Apart from philosophers, psychologists, psychics, theologians and others, the term Consciousness is frequently used by the practitioners of Clinical Medicine. It is a useful term with several practical applications in management of individuals with a variety of conditions that impact the neural functions, particularly the Arousal. In medical practice, the assessment and grading of Consciousness serves the purpose of being good predictor of the eventual long-term outcome or prognosis of the underlying disease or medical condition.

In Clinical Medicine, the medical practitioner evaluates the Level of Arousal or Alertness of his patient.

In Clinical Medicine, the medical practitioner evaluates the Level of Arousal or Alertness of his patient. The different levels of Consciousness are :

a. alert or awake, fully Conscious and fully Oriented to person, place, and time. This Orientation represents the normal operation of Higher Intellectual Functions. A person who is Conscious, but is under influence of alcohol or other psychotropic drugs, neural stimulants or depressants may not be fully oriented.

b. phase of automatism – the person is not fully alert as in Sleep-walking, or recovering from the effects of anesthesia.

c. Lethargic – drowsy, sleepy, but easily arousable.

d. Delirium – a state of mental confusion, a toxic condition, altered physical, and mental state or condition.

e. Stupor – semiconscious, responsive only to painful stimuli.

f. Coma – Unconscious or not responsive to painful stimuli.

Similarly, the Edinburgh method of grading Consciousness is :

Grade  0 – Fully Conscious

Grade 1 – drowsy but responsive to vocal command.

Grade 2 – Unconscious but responsive to minimal painful stimuli.

Grade 3 – Unconscious but just responsive to strong painful stimuli.

Grade 4 – Unconscious with no response to verbal commands and all other painful stimuli.

The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS ) is universally used in assessment of the head injury victim. This Scale measures and provides a score that ranges from 3 to 15 points by evaluating three kinds of responses from the patient.

1. Eye Opening : Spontaneous eye opening=4; Eye opening in response to command=3; Eye opening in response to painful stimuli=2; and no response of eye opening=1.

2. Motor Response : Obeys commands=6; Localizes pain=5; Shows flexion( decorticate ) response to pain=3; Shows extension ( decerebrate ) response to pain=2; and no response( no reflex muscular activity )=1.

3. Vocal Response : Oriented to person, place, and time=5; Confused=4; Shows inappropriate speech=3; Makes incomprehensible sounds=2; and no vocal sounds=1.

Such neurological evaluations are repeated periodically to record significant changes in the medical condition of the patient. However, it must be noted that Clinical Medicine always evaluates totality of all living functions and the medical usage of the terms Conscious and Unconscious represent a careful interpretation in the context of the medical condition of the patient.

THE TOTALITY OF CONSCIOUSNESS:

The Science of Consciousness must explore and investigate the entire contents of Consciousness. By understanding the nature of experience provided by the Totality of Consciousness, the condition, the state, or the act of being Conscious could be explained.

Consciousness is a Mental Experience:

The term consciousness is most widely used as meaning ” attention to the contents or workings of one’s own mind.” English philosopher John Locke defined Consciousness as a psychological condition; it is described as perception of what passes in a man’s own mind. In Indian tradition, mental activities are of four kinds and collectively constitute what is named as “ANTAHKARANAM”; these are : 1. “MANASSU”- the seat of thoughts, 2. “BUDDHI” or intellect and knowledge, 3. “CHITTAM” or the seat of emotions such as Kindness and Love, and 4. “AHAMKARA” or self-ego. The mental experience or knowing of these activities of thoughts, intellect, moods, feelings, and self-ego describe Consciousness as a mental experience. Using this view, many philosophers, religious thinkers, and mystics have shared their experience of different levels of Consciousness and have given names to the higher levels or states of Consciousness. Terms such as Pure Consciousness, Cosmic Consciousness, and Super Consciousness may describe some kind of mental experience and such terms may not add any information to understand the Totality of Consciousness and its experience.

R. Rudra Narasimham,

Ann Arbor, MI, 48104-4162 USA.

BHAVANAJAGAT.ORG

The Neural Correlates of Consciousness defined by Mormann & Koch basically ignores existence of specific Conscious percept like NUTRITION by which the Living Organism shows its awareness of Energy dependence for its existence or living.
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“I AM CONSCIOUSNESS, THEREFORE I AM”

“I AM CONSCIOUSNESS, THEREFORE I AM”

VITRUVIAN MAN, BY LEONARDO DA VINCI(c. 1492). This picture is used as the cover page for Best & Taylor’s Text-Book of Human Physiology. Medical Science and Medical Education is knowledge built upon the foundations of understanding and knowing Human Anatomy ( Structure ) and Human Physiology ( Function).

SPIRITUALITY SCIENCE: MY SPIRITUAL JOURNEY – THE INQUIRY ABOUT SELF, SPIRIT, AND SOUL:

I would submit that we have to arrive at an understanding of ‘self’, spirit, and soul by knowing the structure and functional organization of the Living Thing or Being that exists.   

THE IDENTITY OF MULTICELLULAR HUMAN ORGANISM:

“ManO buddhyaHamkaara, chittani na aHam, Na karnam, na jihvaa, na cha ghraana netre, Na cha Vyoma, Bhuumir na Tejo, na VaayuH; Chidaananda Ruupah, Shivo aHam, Shivo aHam.” Adi Shankaracharya has described that his Identity does not pertain to his mind, intellect, the intellectual pride/ego, mental functions, his organs of sense, the five primordial elements of Nature. His Identity could only be stated as SAT+CHIT+ANANDA, the Identity of Ultimate Reality. However, the human organism has an Identity described by Human Anatomy and the organism’s functions(Physiology) establish and defend this Identity of the Human Person in Nature.
SPIRITUALISM AND IDENTITY – THE CONFLICT AT KURNOOL MEDICAL COLLEGE: Cunningham’s Manual of Practical Anatomy has provided me the learning tools to know and understand Man’s External and Internal Reality and its Identity as described by Cells, Tissues, and Organ Systems.

I learned about the human body while dissecting the body in a systematic manner. The Manual of Practical Anatomy which guides us through this entire process was published in England. The author Dr. Daniel John Cunningham prepared the Manual while dissecting cadavers of British or Irish citizens. He had never encountered cadavers of Indian citizens. At Kurnool Medical College, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India, where I was a student, the Department of Anatomy obtains dead bodies from  Government General Hospital Kurnool and most of the deceased are the poor, illiterate, and uneducated people of that region. None of the deceased had the chance to know this man called Cunningham and Cunningham had no knowledge about the existence of these people who had arrived on our dissection tables. But, as the dissection of the human body proceeded, inch, by inch, we recognized the anatomical parts as described by Cunningham. The manual also lists some anatomical variations and we very often exchanged information between various dissection tables and recognized the variations mentioned. The dissections also involve slicing the organs and studying them, both macroscopically, and microscopically. We did not miss any part of the human body. So what is the Identity of this Human person or Human subject? How does the living Human organism maintain its Identity and Individuality? Apart from the Cultural Traditions of India, several Schools of Religious Thought claim that the Human Individual and its Identity is represented by Human Soul. Where does this soul exist in the human body? What is the location if the soul is present in the living person? Does man have a soul?

THE KNOWLEDGE OF FIELD AND THE FIELD OF ACTIVITY: ‘KSHETRA AND KSHETRA JNANA’ :                 

The term soul has to be carefully defined if I have to find it by exploring the human body. In the Indian tradition, the human body is described as ‘KSHETRA’ or Field. The individual who knows and enjoys this body, Kshetra, or field is often described as ‘PURUSHA’. The knowledge of the body is called ‘KSHETRA JNANA’. The person called Purusha could explore his body called ‘Kshetra’ and acquire knowledge called ‘Kshetra Jnana’. So,  I had explored my body to find out if I have a soul and as to where it exists.  I can explore my body while I am alive. If I am dead, only a different living person may get the opportunity to explore my dead body, but he may not be able to discover the soul which may have already departed from the body. If the soul exists in the cadaver, Cunningham would not have missed it, and we the diligent students dissecting human cadavers would not have missed it. By definition, the soul does not exist in dead bodies. It has something to do with life and the characteristics of a living person or organism. With the intellectual insight I had gained by studying human anatomy, I can explore my living body without placing it on a dissection table.

THE FUNCTIONAL UNITY OF MULTICELLULAR HUMAN ORGANISM:

Humans are multicellular organisms. Who or what is the Subject who lives because of the functions of the trillions of cells? Multicellularity found in complex organisms like humans is accompanied by definite capabilities of cells for differentiation. The design of cells has been modified to serve specialized functions of tissues and organs. To achieve a proper numerical balance between functionally related cell groups, the death of many cells is necessary for others to reach maturity. This programmed cell death plays an important role during embryological growth and development of the human fetus. Waves of genetically driven cell deaths are critical to the proper modeling of organs, and organ systems. Such programmed cell death events are essential if the organism as a whole is to develop its normal final form by which its Identity as an Individual is established. The constituent cells of the organism do not display functional individuality while living as individuals. The cell in a complex organism is not truly an independently functioning unit. The cell exists and functions to achieve Unity of the Organism as a Whole. The one very important part of the environment of a cell is other cells. The Consciousness, the Awareness of individual cells in multicellular organism functions to achieve the Functional Unity of the Whole Organism. Consciousness brings Functional Unity by providing the abilities of recognition, association, and cooperation between all the cells of the multicellular organism. Multicellular organisms are characterized by the ‘Adaptive Subordination’ of the constituent cells to the requirements of the organism as a Whole. For example, mature Red Blood Cells or RBCs have no nuclei and they cannot divide or replicate. They are exclusively adapted to transport Oxygen and serve the whole human organism. The RBCs have short lives as individual cells. The human organism has a life span of its own. During the lifetime of a human person, RBCs live for short periods of time and are constantly replaced by new RBCs. Thus it may be stated that the purpose of Consciousness at the cellular level is to foster Functional Unity of the multicellular organism and establish it as an Individual. If the term ‘Soul’ represents the Identity of this Individual, the Soul is a Functional Attribute of Consciousness at the cellular level.

Adaptive Subordination of Red Blood cells to the requirements of the whole Human Organism. The mature RBCs have no nuclei and they cannot divide. They are exclusively adapted to transport Oxygen and serve the Human Organism. During the life span of the Human Organism, the RBCs live for short periods of time and are constantly replaced by new RBCs.

THE BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF HUMAN SOUL:

Reticular Formation is shown as a single ‘red’ bar in this figure. It consists of numerous Brain Stem nuclei. It is a network of nerve pathways and nuclei throughout the Brain Stem. A single neuron in this network may have synapses/connections with as many as 25,000 other neurons/nerve cells.
Capacity for consciousness is an upper Brain-Stem Function and the Content of consciousness is a Function of the Cerebral Cortex. The Reticular Formation which is located in the central Brain Stem helps to coordinate and integrate actions of different parts of the Central Nervous System such as regulation of muscle and reflex activity; central transmission and composition of sensory impulses; respiration; cardiovascular responses; behavioral arousal; and sleep.

I had explored my body called Kshetra. The Kshetra Jnana or Knowledge of my body is as follows:
My soul is represented by an anatomical structure described as Reticular Formation in the Brain Stem.  Just like my body is composed of trillions of individual cells which collectively represent and establish my physical identity in this world, my soul derives its existence and identity from trillions of these individual units or cells that comprise my body. My soul is actually a composite of trillions of units of consciousness of trillions of individual cells that comprise my human body. The Functional Unity in relation to Consciousness is achieved in the Reticular Formation, the site where Consciousness of the Whole human organism is composed and then is relayed to the Cerebral hemispheres. It is just like a picture or a photo which represents trillions of spots of varying degrees of light intensity or brightness. The term soul has to be defined as the manifestation of “Consciousness”. If there is no “Consciousness”, there is no soul.  The existence of the soul is witnessed by the presence of “Consciousness”. This biological characteristic described as “Consciousness” exists in every single living cell. If a living organism is made up of one single cell, it has a soul as manifested by its “Consciousness”. For the human person, when identified as an Individual, the anatomical location of his Soul is the Reticular Formation of the Brain Stem which receives input from the rest of the body and shapes the information and sends it to Thalamus and to Cortical Areas of the Brain which provide the awareness, the functional knowledge with which the human organism exists as a living entity. The man enjoys an existence characterized by Peace, Harmony, and Tranquility, for the Soul, or the Life Principle operates most of the vital functions of the complex organism. Further, the soul does not relay all this enormous amount of information to the cortical areas where it would be then known to the Man who exists because of these vital functions. For the soul does not relay, Man is protected from a huge information overload that is not compatible with mental peace and equilibrium.

“I AM CONSCIOUSNESS, THEREFORE I AM :

DESCARTES, RENE (b. March 31, 1596, d. February 11, 1650 ), French Mathematician and Father of Modern Philosophy.

Could we extend the scientific methodology of an investigation into every field of inquiry? Could we find Truth, and Reality as an external experience? Is it possible to visualize Truth and Reality in the realm of Intuition and Conscience? Jean Jacques Rousseau, the French philosopher had suggested that man has to find his way to his pure nature, and this through feelings. Man’s duty is to look for his most deep interior feelings and follow them. Rene Descartes advanced a philosophy based on certitude. He sought to devise a method of inquiry for reaching the Truth. He proposed a method for guaranteeing Knowledge. He argued that in order to provide a secure foundation for Knowledge it was necessary to discover “clear and distinct ideas” that could not be doubted and could serve as a basis for deriving further truths. He found such an idea in the proposition “I think, therefore I am” ( “Cogito, ergo sum” ). Descartes stressed a world of metaphysical truths that could be discovered by pure reason. He had subjected his beliefs to a series of skeptical hypotheses. He had invoked skepticism as a means of reaching certainty. As per his conclusion, “I think, therefore I am” is beyond skeptical doubt.

CARTESIAN PHILOSOPHY – THE VALUE OF “SYSTEMATIC DOUBT” :

The human body is composed of cells and each of these cells is a conscious entity. Consciousness is a biological, cellular function which brings about Functional Unity of the Whole Organism. Cellular consciousness provides the abilities of recognition, association, and cooperation between cells. Cells are characterized by Adaptive Subordination to meet the requirements of the organism as a whole. Rene Descartes proposition to divide the human body into two parts; a thinking part, and a mechanical part is incorrect.

  I truly admire Descartes for adopting a strategy of withholding his belief from anything that was not entirely certain and indubitable. Skepticism is an attitude that rejects claims to certainty. Its basic philosophical contention is that the possibility of knowledge is limited by the limitations of the mind itself or by the inaccessibility of the object. Descartes is known as the Father of the Mind-Body Problem. He claimed that human beings are composites of two kinds of substances, mind, and body. A mind is conscious or thinking being, that is, it understands, wills, senses, and imagines. A body is being extended in length, width, and breadth. He thought that minds are indivisible, whereas bodies are infinitely divisible. The “I” of the “I think, therefore I am” is the mind that he had claimed could exist without being extended so that it can in principle survive the death of the body. Descartes argued that colors, sounds, tastes, heat, cold, and pain are merely sensations existing in mind/thought and that there is nothing in bodies that resembles the sensation. He thought that all complex functioning of living organisms including human bodies could be explained solely by mechanistic physics. He even denied that consciousness could be attributed to animals in order to explain their behavior. Descartes had influenced the whole course of the philosophical inquiry. Using the same Cartesian Philosophy, I found Descartes proposition to be invalid and incorrect based upon my understanding of the human body, mind, and consciousness. The proposition which I would use is, “I am Consciousness, therefore I am”. This clear, and distinct idea, which is beyond doubt would help me to discover man’s awareness of God or what I describe as the “GOD CONNECTION”. This “Connection” is the foundation for man’s existence in the natural world.  

Dr. R. Rudra Narasimham, B.Sc., M.B.B.S., 

Kurnool Medical College, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India, 

M.B.B.S., Class of April 1970.             

LORD KRISHNA IN THE HINDU SCRIPTURE OF BHAGAVAD GITA, Chapter 10, The Opulence of the Absolute, verse 22 claimed that “…in living beings I am Consciousness.” Similarly, in Chapter 7, verses 9 and 10, Lord Krishna claims that “I am the life of all that Lives”, “I am the Original seed of all existences.”

THE EVIL RED EMPIRE – RED CHINA – NEOCOLONIALIST

THE EVIL RED EMPIRE – RED CHINA – NEOCOLONIALIST:

Neocolonialism describes the revival of Colonialist exploitation by a foreign power of a region that has achieved independence. Colonialism is the system or policy by which a country maintains foreign colonies especially in order to exploit them economically. Colonization refers to the extension of political and economic control over an area by an occupying state that has organizational or technological superiority. Imperialism has been a major colonizing force. The Colony’s population is subdued to assimilate them to the Colonizer’s way of life.

The Great 13th Dalai Lama of Tibet declared Tibet’s independence from Manchu China(Qing or Ch’ing Dynasty) on February 13, 1913. Tibet expelled Manchu China’s diplomats and its military contingent posted in Lhasa, Tibet’s Capital. For centuries, Tibet came under foreign conquests by Mongols and Manchu China but Tibet was never colonized. Red China’s military invasion of Tibet in 1950 describes the typical features of Colonialism. Tibet’s population is repressed by brutal force in an attempt to fully assimilate Tibetans to the Colonizer’s way of life. Red China’s Colonial Rule is a direct threat to the existence of Tibetan way of life shaped by centuries of Natural Freedom. Apart from wiping out Tibetan System of Governance known as Ganden Phodrang, The Institution of Dalai Lama at Potala Palace, Lhasa, the tyrannical rule of Red China is destroying every attribute of Tibetan Culture including Tibetan language, and Tibetan religious institutions putting Tibetan Identity at a great peril. Red China’s colonization of Tibet is defacing and degrading Tibetan territory and its fragile environment totally upsetting its delicate ecological balance. The Land of Tibet is scarred by Red China’s reckless mining activities, deforestation, diversion of rivers, and dumping of toxic chemical and nuclear wastes.

Colonization was the vehicle of European expansion from the 15th century into Africa, the Americas, and Asia. The Spanish, Portuguese, English, French, and Dutch established Colonies worldwide that have for the most part obtained independence from imperial system only in the 20th century.

Red China determines the economic development of other countries from which it extracts vast amounts of raw materials. With the sole exception of Tibet, Red China is able to get raw materials and flood world markets with Made in China products without the need to fight the wars of the previous Colonial Era. With threats of its muscle power, Red China has entered a new era of Colonialism. People of the World have to awaken to the threat imposed by Red China – Neocolonialist.

Rudranarasimham Rebbapragada
Ann Arbor, MI 48104-4162, USA
The Spirits of Special Frontier Force

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The Spirits of Special Frontier ForceSpecial Frontier Force is a military organization of India, Tibet, United States to resist Red…
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SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE VS THE EVIL RED EMPIRE – RED CHINA

SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE VS THE EVIL RED EMPIRE – RED CHINA :

SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE VS THE EVIL RED EMPIRE - RED CHINA.
SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE VS THE EVIL RED EMPIRE – RED CHINA.

I  have a great pleasure in sharing the blog post titled “CHINA’S OPENING TO RUSSIA” by Dina Badie published by Huffington Post on April 27, 2015. It clearly exposes Dr. Henry Alfred Kissinger, PhD as #WholeVillain WholeVillain, Whole Villain for he formulated the US-China relations without any concern for values that define United States of America. Red China’s opening to Russia will compel the United States to define its national values while it defends its security interests in present day world.

SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE VS THE EVIL RED EMPIRE - RED CHINA : US PRESIDENT RONALD REAGAN ADDRESSED NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF EVANGELICALS ON MARCH 08, 1983. HE COINED THE PHRASE "EVIL EMPIRE" TO DESCRIBE SOVIET UNION AND HE FRAMED THE US - SOVIET CONFRONTATION AS "GOOD VS EVIL."
SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE VS THE EVIL RED EMPIRE – RED CHINA : US PRESIDENT RONALD REAGAN ADDRESSED NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF EVANGELICALS ON MARCH 08, 1983. HE COINED THE PHRASE “EVIL EMPIRE” TO DESCRIBE SOVIET UNION AND HE FRAMED THE US – SOVIET CONFRONTATION AS “GOOD VS EVIL.”

WHAT IS EVIL ?

SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE VS THE EVIL RED EMPIRE - RED CHINA : THE WOMAN RIDING THE SCARLET BEAST IS THE PERSONIFICATION OF THE EVIL RED EMPIRE - RED CHINA .
SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE VS THE EVIL RED EMPIRE – RED CHINA : THE WOMAN RIDING THE SCARLET BEAST IS THE PERSONIFICATION OF THE EVIL RED EMPIRE – RED CHINA .

The term “EVIL” describes conduct regarded as morally bad, morally wrong, wicked, depraved, causing pain, or trouble, harmful, injurious, offensive, disgusting, threatening, and bringing misfortune and misery to those affected by it. Red China is Evildoer for it does evil actions habitually. Red China is Evil-Minded for its disposition is malicious. Red China is the Evil One, a term used for The Devil or Satan. 

Rudranarasimham Rebbapragada
Ann Arbor, MI 48104-4162, USA
SPECIALFRONTIERFORCE.ESTABLISHMENT22

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Assistant Professor of Politics and International Studies at Centre College in Danville, KY

CHINA’S OPENING TO RUSSIA

Posted: 04/27/2015 3:12 pm EDT Updated: 04/27/2015 3:59 pm EDT

2015-04-26-1430008851-4540631-Xi_Jinping_and_Vladimir_Putin__EDM_September_17__2013.jpg

When Henry Kissinger returned from a secret meeting in China in 1971, he laid the groundwork for a historic diplomatic opening after more than 20 years of rejecting the Communist Party government. Within a year, Richard Nixon visited Mao Zedong in Beijing, the Shanghai Communiqué was signed, and the process of normalizing Sino-America relations began. Since then, most scholars and analysts have considered Nixon’s opening to China to be a resounding foreign policy success. In the midst of the Cold War, it successfully exploited existing divisions within the communist bloc and improved the U.S. strategic position vis-à-vis the USSR. Rather than three powerful states existing in isolation of one another, it was now 2 against 1: the U.S. and China vs. the USSR.

At the time, however, Nixon’s policy did not come without criticism. Mao Zedong’s brand of communism along with his brutal implementation of a “cultural revolution,” made him an improbable target for U.S. policymakers looking for diplomatic partners. Given the importance of the “democracy and capitalism” narrative of the Cold War, trading the recognition of the old Kuomintang government in Taiwan for the Communist Party state in the mainland was a contentious move. Yet, Nixon and Kissinger looked beyond ideology to open dialogue for strategic purposes.

Today, the U.S. is on the other end of an opening.

American and European statesmen are currently boycotting, sanctioning, condemning, and isolating Russia as punishment for its Ukraine policy. In the way that the U.S. picked off China after recognizing the Sino-Soviet split, China is now picking off Russia given the American-Russian split. The Ukraine crisis indirectly created an opportunity for China to expand a “strategic partnership” with Russia as the only major power not taking part in the sanctions regime. This is not to say that Russia and China had no diplomatic relations prior to the Ukraine crisis; rather, that Western policy toward Russia is creating an opening that China can easily exploit. As far as Russia policy goes, the further the West goes, the closer China comes.

While it is easy to criticize China’s noninterference policy and neutrality on Ukraine, it is not significantly different from Nixon and Kissinger’s decision to look beyond ideology in the 1970s. Pursuing a tangible national interest over ideological considerations, China has been able to deepen economic ties with Russia to ease the impact of Western sanctions. To address its growing energy needs, China is working on a second pipeline project with Russia to import much-needed natural resources. And next month, Xi Jinping will be the guest of honor at Russia’s WWII commemorative parade, which American and European leaders plan to boycott.

China’s strategic opening should come as no surprise to the U.S. There remain significant differences between Russia and China but the more Washington pushes and pivots, the closer Moscow and Beijing will become. Rather than continually isolating Russia over its actions in Ukraine and denouncing China for remaining neutral, the U.S. would be best served to once again cast off ideologically motivated policy in favor of real politik. ​

Special Frontier Force vs The Evil Red Empire - Red China .
Special Frontier Force vs The Evil Red Empire – Red China .

Special Frontier Force VS The Evil Red Empire - Red China .
Special Frontier Force VS The Evil Red Empire – Red China .

Special Frontier Force VS The Evil Red Empire - Red China .
Special Frontier Force VS The Evil Red Empire – Red China .

Special Frontier Force VS The Evil Red Empire - Red China .
Special Frontier Force VS The Evil Red Empire – Red China .

Special Frontier Force VS The Evil Red Empire - Red China .
Special Frontier Force VS The Evil Red Empire – Red China .

Special Frontier Force VS The Evil Red Empire - Red China .
Special Frontier Force VS The Evil Red Empire – Red China .

Special Frontier Force VS The Evil Red Empire - Red China.
Special Frontier Force VS The Evil Red Empire – Red China.

Special Frontier Force VS The Evil Red Empire - Red China .
Special Frontier Force VS The Evil Red Empire – Red China .

Special Frontier Force VS The Evil Red Empire - Red China .
Special Frontier Force VS The Evil Red Empire – Red China .

Special Frontier Force VS The Evil Red Empire - Red China .
Special Frontier Force VS The Evil Red Empire – Red China .

Special Frontier Force VS The Evil Red Empire - Red China .
Special Frontier Force VS The Evil Red Empire – Red China .

Special Frontier Force VS The Evil Red Empire - Red China.
Special Frontier Force VS The Evil Red Empire – Red China.

Special Frontier Force VS The Evil Red Empire - Red China .
Special Frontier Force VS The Evil Red Empire – Red China .

Special Frontier Force VS The Evil Red Empire - Red China.
Special Frontier Force VS The Evil Red Empire – Red China.

Special Frontier Force VS The Evil Red Empire - Red China .
Special Frontier Force VS The Evil Red Empire – Red China . Kissinger was sworn in as Secretary of State in September 1973. He was the Adviser, National Security Affairs when he misused his position to formulate the US Foreign Policy.

Special Frontier Force VS The Evil Red Empire - Red China .
Special Frontier Force VS The Evil Red Empire – Red China .

Special Frontier Force VS The Evil Red Empire - Red China .
Special Frontier Force VS The Evil Red Empire – Red China .

Special Frontier Force VS The Evil Red Empire - Red China .
Special Frontier Force VS The Evil Red Empire – Red China .

Special Frontier Force VS The Evil Red Empire - Red China .
Special Frontier Force VS The Evil Red Empire – Red China .

Special Frontier Force VS The Evil Red Empire - Red China .
Special Frontier Force VS The Evil Red Empire – Red China .

Special Frontier Force VS The Evil Red Empire - Red China .
Special Frontier Force VS The Evil Red Empire – Red China .

 

SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE VS THE EVIL RED EMPIRE

SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE VS THE EVIL RED EMPIRE:

SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE VS THE EVIL RED EMPIRE : WHAT IS THE FUTURE OF TIBET??? FOR HOW LONG TIBETANS HAVE TO LIVE UNDER THE TYRANNY OF OCCUPATION??? WHEN WILL COMMUNIST CHINA LOSE ITS MILITARY GRIP OVER LHASA???
SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE VS THE EVIL RED EMPIRE : WHAT IS THE FUTURE OF TIBET??? FOR HOW LONG TIBETANS HAVE TO LIVE UNDER THE TYRANNY OF OCCUPATION??? WHEN WILL COMMUNIST CHINA LOSE ITS MILITARY GRIP OVER LHASA???

On Wednesday, April 15, 2015, People’s Republic of China released a white paper to describe Tibet’s Progress and Development. The Tibet it describes is known as TAR or Tibetan Autonomous Region that Red China created in 1965. As such this white paper does not describe the national entity called Tibet. The white paper traces the history of origin of Tibetan Resistance Movement that eventually resulted in  creation of a military organization called Special Frontier Force. This Organization aims to evict the occupier of Tibet. China’s white paper describes China’s position on the demand for full autonomy. China claims that it is rejecting the demand for full autonomy as it may lead to Tibet’s full independence. In human history, empires have risen, and empires have fallen. The Evil Empire of Red China will not be an exception and I predict that Beijing is Doomed and its fate or destiny was written long ago and sealed in a scripture called ‘REVELATION’ which describes The Day of Reckoning.

SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE VS THE EVIL RED EMPIRE : FOR SIXTYFIVE YEARS, TIBETANS HAVE LIVED UNDER MILITARY OCCUPATION . WHAT IS TIBET'S FUTURE???? HOW TO EVICT THE EVIL RED EMPIRE FROM TIBET????
SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE VS THE EVIL RED EMPIRE : FOR SIXTY  FIVE YEARS, TIBETANS HAVE LIVED UNDER MILITARY OCCUPATION . WHAT IS TIBET’S FUTURE???? HOW TO EVICT THE EVIL RED EMPIRE FROM TIBET????

In my view, the occupier of Tibet faces inevitable destruction by an apocalyptic event without the need to fight him in a direct battle. The prophetic vision of this enemy’s defeat is  in The Old Testament Book of Isaiah, The Book of Psalms-Psalm 137, and The New Testament Book of Revelation.

SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE VS THE EVIL RED EMPIRE : IN MY PROPHETIC VISION, I PREDICT THAT THE EVIL RED EMPIRE WILL BE DESTROYED BY AN APOCALYPTIC EVENT FORETOLD IN THE BOOKS OF BIBLE.
SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE VS THE EVIL RED EMPIRE : IN MY PROPHETIC VISION, I PREDICT THAT THE EVIL RED EMPIRE WILL BE DESTROYED BY AN APOCALYPTIC EVENT FORETOLD IN THE BOOKS OF BIBLE.

They predict a sudden destruction of Evil not through warfare but by a cosmic event which involves the Evil Empire getting hit by an asteroid thrown down to cause its utter ruin.

THE EVIL RED EMPIRE:

SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE VS THE EVIL RED EMPIRE : MAO ZEDONG OR MAO TSE-TUNG PROCLAIMS THE FOUNDING OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA IN PEKING (BEIJING) ON OCTOBER 01, 1949. THIS NATION IS FOUNDED ON THE IDEOLOGY OF COMMUNISM FOLLOWING "RED REVOLUTION." THIS RED CHINA IS AN EVIL EMPIRE FROM ITS BIRTH .
SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE VS THE EVIL RED EMPIRE : MAO ZEDONG OR MAO TSE-TUNG PROCLAIMS THE FOUNDING OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA IN PEKING (BEIJING) ON OCTOBER 01, 1949. THIS NATION IS FOUNDED ON THE IDEOLOGY OF COMMUNISM FOLLOWING “RED REVOLUTION.” THIS RED CHINA IS AN EVIL EMPIRE FROM ITS BIRTH .

I am using this name to specifically describe a political entity called People’s Republic of China proclaimed by Mao tse-Tung or Mao Zedong on October 01, 1949.

SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE VS THE EVIL RED EMPIRE : RED CHINA FOUNDED BY MAO TSE-TUNG IS MORE EVIL THAN HITLER'S NAZI GERMANY. AFTER THE FALL OF SOVIET UNION, RED CHINA HAS BECOME THE MOST EVIL EMPIRE OF THE PRESENT DAY WORLD .
SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE VS THE EVIL RED EMPIRE : RED CHINA FOUNDED BY MAO TSE-TUNG IS MORE EVIL THAN HITLER’S NAZI GERMANY. AFTER THE FALL OF SOVIET UNION, RED CHINA HAS BECOME THE MOST EVIL EMPIRE OF THE PRESENT DAY WORLD .

In the past, US President Ronald Reagan may have used the phrase ‘Evil Empire’ to describe Soviet Union.

SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE VS THE EVIL RED EMPIRE : APRIL 26, 1984 . US PRESIDENT RONALD REAGAN WITH EVIL CHINA'S PRESIDENT LI XIANNIAN IN PEKING . RED CHINA IS MORE EVIL AS COMPARED TO RED SOVIET UNION IN 1984.
SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE VS THE EVIL RED EMPIRE : APRIL 26, 1984 . US PRESIDENT RONALD REAGAN WITH EVIL CHINA’S PRESIDENT LI XIANNIAN IN PEKING . RED CHINA IS MORE EVIL AS COMPARED TO RED SOVIET UNION IN 1984.

To the Jews of Biblical times, Babylonia became a byword for evil, for she was the nation that had destroyed Jerusalem and its Temple to God. The New Testament Book of Revelation refers to Babylonia and many experts recognize the symbolism of “Babylon The Great.” It is more likely Revelation used the word Babylon as a coded name and it simply intended to predict the downfall of Roman Empire.

SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE VS THE EVIL RED EMPIRE : THE WOMAN ON THE SCARLET BEAST . "THE WOMAN YOU SAW IS THE GREAT CITY THAT RULES OVER THE KINGS OF THE EARTH . " IT IS NOT BABYLON . IT IS NOT ROME . IT IS NOT BERLIN . IT IS NOT MOSCOW . INDEED IT IS BEIJING .
SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE VS THE EVIL RED EMPIRE : THE WOMAN ON THE SCARLET BEAST . “THE WOMAN YOU SAW IS THE GREAT CITY THAT RULES OVER THE KINGS OF THE EARTH . ” IT IS NOT BABYLON . IT IS NOT ROME . IT IS NOT BERLIN . IT IS NOT MOSCOW . INDEED IT IS BEIJING .

Now, world is not facing any danger from former Evil Empires like Babylonia, Rome, or Soviet Union. Those empires  wiped out and do not exist any more. For all practical purposes, after the fall of Nazi Germany, the breakup of Soviet Union, the only Evil Empire that exists is that of Red China. Historically, China’s rulers include The Shang dynasty, Chou dynasty, Chin dynasty, Han dynasty, T’ang dynasty, Sung dynasty, Yuan dynasty, Ming dynasty, and Ch’ing or Manchu dynasty, the last one ruled from 1644 to 1912. Red China formulated by Communist Party Chairman Mao tse-Tung is ideologically driven and he and his party is responsible for pain and suffering imposed on millions of people.

THE RED DRAGON:

SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE VS THE EVIL RED EMPIRE : RED DRAGON IS A MYTHICAL OR LEGENDARY ANIMAL OF FRIGHTENING PROPORTIONS . IT IS ANOTHER NAME FOR SATAN, THE DEVIL, WHO IS OFTEN DEPICTED AS A SERPENT , BEAST , JACKAL, MALE GOAT, SEA MONSTER, AND OTHERS SYMBOLIZING EVIL POWER WHICH IS PHYSICAL FORCE APPLIED IN RECKLESS MANNER TO EVENTUALLY CAUSE PAIN AND SUFFERING .
SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE VS THE EVIL RED EMPIRE : RED DRAGON IS A MYTHICAL OR LEGENDARY ANIMAL OF FRIGHTENING PROPORTIONS . IT IS ANOTHER NAME FOR SATAN, THE DEVIL, WHO IS OFTEN DEPICTED AS A SERPENT , BEAST , JACKAL, MALE GOAT, SEA MONSTER, AND OTHERS SYMBOLIZING EVIL POWER WHICH IS PHYSICAL FORCE APPLIED IN RECKLESS MANNER TO EVENTUALLY CAUSE PAIN AND SUFFERING .

Dragon is a mythical or legendary animal which combines several features of snake and lizard. It symbolizes force and power that evokes a sense of great fear. In China, and Japan, the dragon may have some benevolent attributes.

SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE VS THE EVIL RED EMPIRE : DRAGON SYMBOLIZED IMPERIAL CHINA'S POWER . THE RED DRAGON OF BIBLE SYMBOLIZES SIN, DISOBEDIENCE , RECKLESSNESS, FORCEFULNESS, REBELLIOUSNESS OF SATAN, THE DEVIL .
SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE VS THE EVIL RED EMPIRE : DRAGON SYMBOLIZED IMPERIAL CHINA’S POWER . THE  RED DRAGON  OF  BIBLE  SYMBOLIZES  SIN,  DISOBEDIENCE , RECKLESSNESS, FORCEFULNESS, REBELLIOUSNESS OF SATAN, THE DEVIL .

In China, from ancient times, dragon was the emblem of the Imperial family, and until the founding of the Republic(1911), the dragon adorned the Chinese flag. In Christian tradition, the dragon symbolizes an evil power and it is thought to be a physical manifestation of Satan or The Devil. Satan symbolizes Sin, Disobedience of God, rebelliousness, recklessness, wickedness and supernatural power which brings people to utter ruination or eternal damnation in Hell.

The Hebrew words “TANNIM” and “TANNIN” appear thirteen and fourteen times respectively in The Old Testament Books. They are translated as Dragon, Jackal, sea-monster, Serpent, Whale, Wolf, and The Beast. These are large creatures with a frightening aspect.

In The New Testament Book of Revelation, Satan is referred to as a dragon in Chapter 12, verse 3: “Then another sign appeared in Heaven; an enormous red dragon with seven heads and ten horns and seven crowns on its heads.” The relationship between the Evil Empire called Babylon and The Devil is described in Revelation, Chapter 17, verse 3: “Then the angel carried me away in the spirit into a desert. There I saw a woman sitting on a scarlet beast that was covered with blasphemous names and had seven heads and ten horns.” Revelation, Chapter 17, verse 18 describes the symbolism of The Woman on The Beast: “The woman you saw is the great city that rules over the kings of the earth.” In present times, the only great city associated with The Evil Empire is Peking or Beijing. It matches with  description of Babylon as the seat of Power and Wealth.

THE FALL OF EVIL EMPIRE: A PRAYER IN THE BOOK OF PSALMS:

Psalm 137 was composed by captive Jews in Babylon. Verse 8 reflects their hope and expectation:
“O Daughter of Babylon, doomed to destruction,
happy is he who repays you for what you have done to us….”
People in occupied Tibet are held captive in their own Land and they are all waiting for their release, for liberation, and for salvation that will end the pain, and misery of decades of brutal oppression and tyrannical rule by Beijing. Babylon is a coded substitute for Beijing and the Fall of Babylon is  The Fall of Beijing.

THE FALL BY A SUDDEN CATASTROPHE:

God predicts that the Great Queen Babylon(Beijing) will become a harlot, and will be surprised by a sudden catastrophe. Prophet Isaiah reveals the scenario of this sudden catastrophe in Chapter 47, verses 10, 11, 12, and 15:

“You have trusted in your wickedness and have said, ‘No one sees me.’
Your wisdom and knowledge mislead you
When you say to yourself,
‘I am and there is none besides me.’

“Disaster will come upon you that you cannot ward off with a ransom;
a catastrophe you cannot foresee will suddenly come upon you.”

“Keep on, then, with your magic spells and with your many sorceries,
which you have labored at since childhood.
Perhaps you will succeed, perhaps you will cause terror.”

“That is all they can do for you –
these you have labored with and trafficked with since childhood.
Each of them goes on in his error;
There is not one that can save you.”

THE FALL OF BABYLON(BEIJING)- PROPHESY IN ‘REVELATION’:

The Book of Revelation, Chapter 18 gives a detailed account of the Fall of Evil Empire and describes the mechanism for its destruction. The kings of the earth who committed adultery with her, the merchants of the earth who traded with her, every sea-captain, the sailors, and all who earn their earn their living from the sea will stand far off, terrified at her torment. They will weep and mourn and cry out:

“Woe! Woe , O great city, dressed in fine linen, purple and scarlet,
and glittering with gold, precious stones and pearls!
In one hour such great wealth has been brought to ruin!”

In one hour, the great wealth and power of Beijing will be brought to ruin as foretold in verse# 21:

“Then a mighty angel picked up a boulder the size of a large millstone and threw it into the sea, and said:
“With such violence the great city of Babylon will be thrown down, never to be found again.”

Rudranarasimham Rebbapragada
Ann Arbor, MI 48104-4162, USA
SPECIALFRONTIERFORCE.ESTABLISHMENT22

China calls on Dalai Lama to ‘put aside illusions’ about talks

Reuters

Done

The Dalai Lama gestures during a public talk and teachings event at St. Jakobshalle, in Basel . View photo

The Dalai Lama gestures during a public talk and teachings event at St. Jakobshalle, in Basel February …

BEIJING (Reuters) – China on Wednesday urged the exiled Tibetan spiritual leader, the Dalai Lama, to “put aside his illusions” about talks on Tibet’s future and accused him of insincerity and covertly pushing for independence, rather than autonomy.

China has ruled Tibet with an iron fist since troops “peacefully liberated” the region in 1950. The Dalai Lama fled into exile in India in 1959 after an abortive uprising against Chinese rule.

Representatives of the Nobel Peace laureate held rounds of talks with China until 2010, but formal dialogue has stalled amid leadership changes in Beijing and a crackdown in Tibet.

In a lengthy white paper released by the official Xinhua news agency, the government said that having failed to use violence to achieve their goals, the Dalai Lama and his supporters had little understanding of modern Tibet and “a sentimental attachment to the old theocratic feudal serfdom”.

“The only sensible alternative is for the Dalai Lama and his supporters to accept that Tibet has been part of China since antiquity, to abandon their goals of dividing China and seeking independence for Tibet,” it said.

“The central government hopes that the Dalai Lama will put aside his illusions in his remaining years and face up to reality,” the government said in the white paper, released in both English and Chinese.

Beijing has been disappointed that the Dalai Lama remains committed to the Middle Way – which he says merely seeks genuine autonomy for the Himalayan region – and this is something China cannot accept as its real goal is still independence, it added.

“None of the negotiations were conducted in good faith – it was always the intention of the Dalai Lama and his supporters to divide China and achieve independence for Tibet,” it added.

The Tibetan government in exile, based in India, said in an emailed statement that condemning the Middle Way showed Beijing’s failure to come up with an alternative.
“The Middle Way Policy seeks genuine autonomy within the framework of the constitution of the People’s Republic of China which is a win-win proposition for all parties and one lauded throughout the world including various governments,” it said.

The Dalai Lama denies espousing violence and says he only wants genuine autonomy for Tibet, though China has repeatedly said he is insincere.
China has recently stepped up its rhetoric against the Dalai Lama. He is being received by fewer and fewer foreign leaders in recent years, because of the anger it draws from China, the world’s second-largest economy.

(Reporting by Ben Blanchard; Editing by Clarence Fernandez)

  • Dalai Lama
  • China
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#REDDRAGON – RED DRAGON – THE EVIL EMPIRE – POLICY OF EXPANSIONISM

#REDDRAGON – RED DRAGON – THE EVIL EMPIRE – POLICY OF EXPANSIONISM:

THE EVIL RED EMPIRE - THE EXPANSIONIST .
THE EVIL RED EMPIRE – THE EXPANSIONIST .

Today, Friday, April 17, 2015, Filipino people protested outside Chinese Consulate near Manila. Philippine President Benigno Aquino shared his sense of fear and explained that world must share his fear. US President Barack Obama while speaking in Kingston, Jamaica on Thursday, April 09, 2015 shared his concern and warned Beijing using its sheer size and muscle to force countries into subordinate positions. Admiral Samuel Locklear, head of US Pacific Command stated that China’s island building program in the South China Sea would give them de facto control of the entire maritime territory they claim as Chinese. US Pacific Fleet Commander expressed the same concern.

The Evil Policy of Expansionism formulated by Red China’s Communist Party Chairman Mao Zedong continues unopposed and unchallenged for China always uses deception while it gobbles territory of its weak neighbors.

Rudranarasimham Rebbapragada
Ann Arbor, MI 48104-4162, USA
SPECIALFRONTIERFORCE.ESTABLISHMENT22

CHINA MAY GAIN CONTROL OF SOUTH CHINA SEA –  US NAVY SAYS:

By David Tweed.

April 16, 2015.

Mischief Reef Mischief Reef

DigitalGlobe imagery from 16 March 2015 shows significant construction and dredging underway at Mischief Reef. Source: Photo DigitalGlobe via Getty Images

China’s island building program in the South China Sea may result in it gaining control of some of the world’s most important waterways, the U.S.’s most senior military commander for Asia said.

“If this activity continues at pace, is that it — those would give them de facto control” of the maritime territory they claim, Admiral Samuel Locklear, head of the U.S. Pacific Command, told the U.S. Senate. Locklear said China could install long-range detection radars, base warships and warplanes on the islands, potentially giving it the ability to enforce an air defense identification zone.

Satellite photos this month showed images of Chinese dredgers at work at Mischief Reef in the Spratly Islands, a feature also claimed by Vietnam, the Philippines and Taiwan. President Barack Obama said April 10 that the U.S. is concerned that China is using its “muscle and power” to dominate smaller countries in the region.

Locklear said the pace of China’s building program was “astonishing” and added that the islands would improve China’s ability to locate a maritime security force in the waters that would be larger than the combined coast guards of the Southeast Asian countries.

China claims about four-fifths of the South China Sea, home to some of the world’s busiest shipping lanes, under a so-called nine-dash line drawn on a 1940s map. Vietnam, the Philippines, Taiwan, Malaysia and Brunei also claim territory in the waters.

Minimum Defense

China says it has a right to carry out construction work on its sovereign territory in the South China Sea.

“It certainly complicates the security environment,” said Locklear. Efforts by the Association of Southeast Asian Nations to work with China to develop a code of conduct in the South China Sea haven’t “produced very much at all.”

Locklear said the U.S. has reinvigorated its alliance with the Philippines and is looking at helping its government improve its minimum defense.

To help improve security in the region, the U.S. had also developed partnerships with nations that it wouldn’t have considered possible over the past two decades, he said, citing Vietnam, Malaysia and Indonesia.

Locklear said the increasing number and technical sophistication of the submarines in the Indo-Pacific was changing the dynamic of how the U.S. navy operates in the area. He estimated that of the 300 submarines in the world that aren’t U.S. vessels, 200 are in the Indo-Pacific, which he said was the “most militarized part of the world.”
Locklear said Asian nations are building their submarine capabilities because they understand the vessels afford them the ability to deny access to enemies, as well as their value as a deterrent.

Conflict with China isn’t inevitable, he said.

“A China with a military that would come forward as a net provider of security, rather than a net user of security would be beneficial to not only the region, but would be beneficial to us,” he said.
(An earlier version of this story was corrected to clarify that the estimate of 300 submarines is for non-U.S. vessels, not the global total.)

TIBET’S FREEDOM IS A NATURAL RIGHT

TIBET’S FREEDOM IS A NATURAL RIGHT :

TIBET'S FREEDOM IS A NATURAL RIGHT .
TIBET’S FREEDOM IS A NATURAL RIGHT .

Tibet and its people always enjoyed the fruits of Natural Freedom as Tibet came into existence in its Natural Free condition. The problem of Tibet is not that of less or greater autonomy. The Great Problem of Tibet is its illegal, unjust, brutal, tyrranical military occupation by a political entity called People’s Republic of China which came into its existence in 1949 after October Red Revolution. Tibetans have resisted this military occupation by #RedDragon. Tibetans will continue to resist this occupation with great perseverance until there is Freedom in #OccupiedTibet

Rudranarasimham Rebbapragada
Ann Arbor, MI 48104-4162, USA
SPECIALFRONTIERFORCE.ESTABLISHMENT22

  • China rules out more Tibetan autonomy

AFP

By Felicia Sonmez April 15, 2015 12:21 PM

Done

The Dalai Lama has expressed optimism that Chinese President Xi Jinping may restart talks on greater autonomy for Tibet
.

Beijing (AFP) – Beijing threw cold water Wednesday on the possibility of re-launching talks with the Dalai Lama, saying greater autonomy for Tibet was “not up for discussion” and accusing the spiritual leader of backing “ethnic cleansing”.

The statement comes months after the exiled spiritual leader and Nobel Peace Prize winner expressed optimism that Chinese President Xi Jinping may be open to restarting dialogue about the region.

In a nearly 18,000-word white paper, the Information Office of the State Council, China’s Cabinet, declared that the Dalai Lama must focus on seeking “forgiveness” from the Chinese government.

“Any negotiations will be limited to seeking solutions for the Dalai Lama to completely abandon separatist claims and activities and gain the forgiveness of the central government and the Chinese people, and to working out what he will do with the rest of his life,” it said.

“As the political status and system of Tibet is stipulated by the Chinese Constitution and laws, the ‘Tibet issue’ and ‘a high degree of autonomy’ are not up for discussion,” it added, dismissing the Tibetan government-in-exile in India as “essentially a separatist political group”.

The ruling Communist Party held nine rounds of dialogue with the Dalai Lama’s envoys from 2002 to 2010 but the process produced no visible results.

TIBET'S FREEDOM IS A NATURAL RIGHT .
TIBET’S FREEDOM IS A NATURAL RIGHT .


 Graphic on Tibetan political detentions and imprisonments (AFP Photo/)

The Dalai Lama has previously expressed optimism about the current administration in Beijing, in what some have seen as a possible easing of tensions with China, which has accused him of seeking secession for Tibet.

The 79-year-old Buddhist leader denies aspirations for independence and says he seeks “a high degree of autonomy” for the region.
He has called for limits to state-backed Han Chinese migration to Tibet, a stance which the white paper said was “tantamount to an ethnic cleansing of the plateau”.

“The Dalai group’s logic is absurd and chilling, proposing to force tens of millions of people of other ethnic groups out of this region where they have lived for generations,” it alleged.

More than 130 Tibetans have set themselves on fire in China since 2009, most of them fatally, according to rights groups. A Tibetan nun set herself aflame last week to protest at China’s rule over the region.

TIBET'S FREEDOM IS A NATURAL RIGHT . #OCCUPIEDTIBET WILL RESIST #REDDRAGON . CHINA'S PRESIDENT XI JINPING IS THE CURRENT SYMBOL OF MILITARY OPPRESSION OF TIBET .
TIBET’S FREEDOM IS A NATURAL RIGHT . #OCCUPIEDTIBET WILL RESIST #REDDRAGON . CHINA’S PRESIDENT XI JINPING IS THE CURRENT SYMBOL OF MILITARY OPPRESSION OF TIBET .


 Chinese President Xi Jinping attends a meeting with Austrian President Heinz Fischer at the Great Ha …

The Dalai Lama has described the self-immolations as spontaneous acts of desperation and said he is powerless to stop them.
But the Beijing document accused the Dalai Lama of secretly backing violence in the region while “feigning beneficence to gain international sympathy and support”.

“For the Dalai party, ‘peace’ and ‘non-violence’ are no more than fig leaves, and in truth they have never abandoned the use of violence to promote their ultimate goal of ‘Tibetan independence’,” it said.
– ‘Wheels of history’ –

The 14th Dalai Lama fled Tibet in 1959 after a failed uprising against Chinese rule and has lived in exile in India ever since.
In a December interview with France 24 television, he described Xi as a “realist” who was being held back by elements within the Communist Party.

But the white paper is a signal that Beijing — which has called the Dalai Lama “a wolf in monk’s robes” — will continue to take a hard-line approach to the issue.
Tibet’s government-in-exile in India said in a statement the white paper “clearly indicates the Chinese government’s nervousness over its grip on occupied Tibet”.

“The Chinese government’s attempt to portray the Middle Way policy as an attempt by Tibetans to strike out for independence is deliberately misleading, a huge indication of the government’s total failure to come up with better ideas,” it added.

The Nobel laureate has suggested in recent months that he may not be reincarnated after he dies — which would prevent Beijing picking a successor of its own choice.
His statement infuriated the officially atheist Communist authorities, who maintain that they have the sole authority to decide reincarnation, but the white paper said only that “living Buddha reincarnation is a succession system unique to Tibetan Buddhism and is respected by the state”.

It called on the Dalai Lama to “put aside his illusions in his remaining years” and “do something of benefit to overseas Tibetan compatriots in exile”.
“The wheels of history roll forward and the tides of the times are irresistible,” it stated. “Tibet’s path of development is one imposed by history and chosen by the people.”

  • Dalai Lama

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RED DRAGON – #REDDRAGON – THE DANGERS OF COMMUNIST EXPANSIONISM

RED DRAGON – #REDDRAGON – THE DANGERS OF COMMUNIST EXPANSIONISM:

Communist China’s policy of “Expansionism” was formulated by Chairman Mao Zedong(1893-1976) and it continues unchanged after its illegal invasion and occupation of Tibet in 1950. Red Dragon is posing a great security threat to all of its neighbors in Southeast Asia as it commits new acts of agression grabbing territory and consolidating its territorial gain by erecting structures. People’s Republic of China is a war mongerer and its military adventurism must be curbed. Red Dragon’s unquenchable greed is reflected in its building activities at “Mischief Reef” and its claim of Spratly Islands. On behalf of Special Frontier Force, I ask all the nations of the world to unite toface the challenge posed by Red Dragon’s reckless mischief.

Rudranarasimham Rebbapragada
Ann Arbor, MI 48104-4162, USA
SPECIALFRONTIERFORCE.ESTABLISHMENT22

Images show China’s Great Wall of Sand

Philippine StarPhilippine Star – Fri, Apr 10, 2015

  • Images show China’s Great Wall of SandView Photo Images show China’s Great Wall of Sand
  • WASHINGTON – The clusters of Chinese vessels busily dredge white sand and pump it onto partly submerged coral, aptly named Mischief Reef, transforming it into an island.
  • Over a matter of weeks, satellite photographs show the island growing bigger, its few shacks on stilts replaced by buildings. What appears to be an amphibious warship, capable of holding 500 to 800 troops, patrols the reef’s southern opening.
  • China has long asserted ownership of the archipelago in the South China Sea known as the Spratly Islands, also claimed by at least three other countries, including the Philippines, an American ally. But the series of detailed photographs taken of Mischief Reef, called Panganiban Reef by the Philippines, shows the remarkable speed, scale and ambition of China’s effort to literally gain ground in the dispute.
  • They show that since January, China has been dredging enormous amounts of sand from around the reef and using it to build up landmass – what military analysts at the Pentagon are calling “facts on the water” – hundreds of miles from the Chinese mainland.
  • The Chinese have clearly concluded that it is unlikely anyone will challenge them in an area believed rich in oil and gas and, perhaps more important, strategically vital. Last week Adm. Harry Harris, the commander of the US Pacific fleet, accused China of undertaking an enormous and unprecedented artificial land creation operation.
  • “China is creating a great wall of sand with dredges and bulldozers,” Harris said in a speech in Canberra, Australia.
  • Defense Secretary Ash Carter, on his first trip to Asia, put the American concerns in more diplomatic language, but the message was the same. In an interview to coincide with his visit, published Wednesday in the Yomiuri Shimbun, one of Japan’s largest dailies, Carter said China’s actions “seriously increase tensions and reduce prospects for diplomatic solutions” in territory claimed by the Philippines and Vietnam, and indirectly by Taiwan.
  • He urged Beijing to “limit its activities and exercise restraint to improve regional trust.” That is the same diplomatic message the Obama administration has been giving to China since Hillary Rodham Clinton, then the secretary of state, and her Chinese counterpart faced off over the issue at an Asian summit meeting in 2010.
  • While other countries in Southeast Asia, like Malaysia and Vietnam, have used similar techniques to extend or enlarge territory, none have China’s dredging and construction power.
  • The new satellite photographs were taken by DigitalGlobe, a commercial satellite imagery provider, and analyzed by the Center for Strategic and International Studies, a Washington research group. They certainly confirm the worries expressed by Carter and Harris.
  • “China’s building activities at Mischief Reef are the latest evidence that Beijing’s land reclamation is widespread and systematic,” said Mira Rapp-Hooper, director of the center’s Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative, a website devoted to monitoring activity on the disputed territory.
  • The transformation of Mischief Reef, which the Chinese call Meiji Reef, she said, is within territory claimed by the Philippines and is one of seven small outposts the Chinese have sought to establish in the South China Sea.
  • “These will allow Beijing to conduct regular, sustained patrols of the airspace and water, and to attempt to press its far-flung maritime claims as many as 1,000 miles from its shores,” she said.
  • Although these outposts are too vulnerable for China to use in wartime, she said “they could certainly allow it to exert significant pressure on other South China Sea claimants, such as the Philippines and Vietnam.”
  • The issue poses a problem for the Obama administration, not simply because the Philippines is a treaty ally. China is working so quickly that its assertion of sovereignty could become a fait accompli before anything can be done to stop it.
  • The United States has long insisted that the territorial disputes be resolved peacefully, and that no claimant should interfere with international navigation or take steps that impede a diplomatic resolution of the issue. But to the Chinese – already flexing muscle in other territorial disputes and with the creation of an Asian infrastructure bank to challenge the Western-created World Bank – this is not a matter for negotiation.
  • When Clinton raised the issue in Hanoi five years ago at the Asian Regional Forum, her Chinese counterpart, Yang Jiechi, responded with a 25-minute speech, exclaiming: “China is a big country. Bigger than any other countries here.” It seemed to be a reminder that its military could make sure no one would dare challenge its building spree on disputed territory – and so far, no one has, other than with diplomatic protests.
  • Since then, China has made no secret of its territorial designs on the Spratlys, creating at least three new islands that could serve as bases for Chinese surveillance and as resupply stations for navy vessels, according to IHS Jane’s.
  • Satellite imagery of the Spratlys publicized by IHS Jane’s in November showed how the Chinese had created an island about 9,850 feet long and 985 feet wide on Fiery Cross (Kagitingan) Reef, about 200 miles west of Mischief Reef, with a harbor capable of docking warships. IHS Jane’s said the new island could support a runway for military aircraft.
  • The United States is about to conduct a joint military exercise with the Philippines, part of an emerging Obama administration strategy to keep American ships traversing the area regularly, a way of pushing back on Chinese claims of exclusive rights. The administration did the same when China declared an air defense zone in the region more than a year ago.
  • The Chinese have said they consider most of the South China Sea to be rightfully theirs – a claim others make as well. China and Japan have a separate territorial dispute over islands that Japan calls the Senkaku and China calls the Diaoyutai. Those tensions have eased slightly in recent times.
  • Last year China and Vietnam became entangled in an angry exchange after China towed a $1-billion oil drilling rig to an area 150 miles off Vietnam’s coast. On Tuesday China’s official Xinhua news agency reported that the leaders of both countries wanted to soothe their differences and “control their disputes to ensure that the bilateral relationship will develop in a right track.” – New York Times News Service
  • Philippines seeks help from U.S. in South China Sea dispute Philippines seeks help from U.S. in South China Sea dispute
    The Philippines is seeking more “substantive” support from its long-time security ally United States on how to counter China’s rapid expansion in the South China Sea, the foreign secretary said on Wednesday. China’s rapid reclamation around seven reefs in the Spratly archipelago of the South China Sea has alarmed claimants, including the Philippines and Vietnam, and drawn growing criticism from U.S. government officials and the military. U.S. President Barack Obama has said Washington is …
  • China dismisses Philippine leader’s call to fear Beijing China dismisses Philippine leader's call to fear Beijing
    Beijing on Wednesday dismissed as “groundless” Philippine President Benigno Aquino’s warning to AFP that the Asian giant’s actions in the South China Sea should “engender fear for the rest of the world”. Aquino made his remarks in an exclusive interview on Tuesday, saying that China’s increasing bold assertions of its territorial claims could cut access for other nations to vital international shipping lanes and rich fishing grounds in the sea. China’s foreign ministry spokesman Hong Lei told …

PAKISTAN’S JIHADIST ATTACK ON INDIA – NOVEMBER 26, 2008

PAKISTAN’S JIHADIST ATTACK ON INDIA – NOVEMBER 26, 2008:

PAKISTAN'S JIHADIST ATTACK ON INDIA NOVEMBER 26, 2008.
PAKISTAN’S JIHADIST ATTACK ON INDIA NOVEMBER 26, 2008.

PAKISTAN'S JIHADIST ATTACK ON INDIA NOVEMBER 26, 2008. ZAKI-UR-REHMAN HAD DIRECTED THIS ATTACK FROM KARACHI, PAKISTAN . NOW, ON APRIL 09, 2015, HE IS RELEASED FROM PRISON .
PAKISTAN’S JIHADIST ATTACK ON INDIA NOVEMBER 26, 2008. ZAKI-UR-REHMAN HAD DIRECTED THIS ATTACK FROM KARACHI, PAKISTAN . NOW, ON APRIL 09, 2015, HE IS RELEASED FROM PRISON .

The news story on release of Zaki-ur-Rehman Lakhvi, Pakistani Militant Leader tied to 2008 Mumbai Attack speaks about Pakistan’s involvement in the planning and execution of this Jihadist attack. It clearly reveals Pakistan’s unwillingness to stop terrorist attacks launched by its citizens. I am hopeful that rest of the world recognizes Pakistan as a nation sponsoring Terrorism.  I am sharing  story published by The New York Times on April 11, 2015.

PAKISTANI MILITANT LEADER TIED TO 2008 MUMBAI ATTACKS IS FREED ON BAIL

PAKISTAN'S JIHADIST ATTACK ON INDIA NOVEMBER 26, 2008. THIS PHOTO IMAGE IS FROM JANUARY 2015.
PAKISTAN’S JIHADIST ATTACK ON INDIA NOVEMBER 26, 2008. THIS PHOTO IMAGE IS FROM JANUARY 2015.

By SALMAN MASOOD and DECLAN WALSH
APRIL 10, 2015

From NYtimes, dated 11 April, 2015
Zaki-ur-Rehman Lakhvi, fist raised, after a court appearance in Islamabad in January. A high court ordered his release Friday. Credit B.K. Bangash/Associated Press

ISLAMABAD, Pakistan — In a move that drew furious condemnation from India, a Pakistani high court released on bail
on Friday a militant commander accused of orchestrating the 2008 attacks in Mumbai that killed more than 160 people.
The commander, Zaki-ur-Rehman Lakhvi, and six other members of the Lashkar-e-Taiba militant group have been on trial
since 2009 at a high-security jail in Rawalpindi, just south of Islamabad, on charges of participating in the Mumbai operation.

But the trial has been conducted largely in secrecy, and its halting pace has given rise to speculation that its progress is being influenced by the vagaries of wider tensions between Pakistan and India.
Those tensions have been particularly high since last spring and summer, when Narendra Modi, a right-wing Hindu leader, became prime minister of India and there was a marked escalation in violent clashes between the two countries’ troops near the Line of Control in the disputed region of Kashmir.

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* Pakistani Premier Announces Military Courts for Terrorism Cases DEC. 24, 2014
* In Pakistan, a Charity Project Points to Official Tolerance of Militants JAN. 28, 2015

Mr. Modi protested loudly in December when a Pakistani court ruled that Mr. Lakhvi should be released on bail, even though the Pakistani government, led by Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, managed to prevent his release at the time by invoking a colonial-era public order act.
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Missed Signals Before the Mumbai Attacks

Intelligence agencies in three countries tracked conspirators and deployed high-tech surveillance tools in advance of the Mumbai attacks, but they did not put the pieces together.

But those efforts collapsed when the high court ordered Mr. Lakhvi’s immediate release on bail, saying there was no reason to hold him in jail and provoking a swift response from Indian officials.

Mr. Lakhvi’s release was “a most negative development insofar as bilateral ties are concerned,” Syed Akbaruddin,
a spokesman for India’s ministry of external affairs, told reporters in New Delhi. India’s high commissioner to Pakistan
contacted the Pakistani authorities to register his “strong concerns,” Mr. Akbaruddin added.

“He underlined that this has reinforced the perception that Pakistan has a dual policy on dealing with terrorists,
and those who have carried out attacks or are posing a threat to India are being dealt with differently,” Mr. Akbaruddin said.

Tasnim Aslam, a spokeswoman for Pakistan’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, told reporters that it would “not be proper to cast aspersions on Pakistan’s commitment to countering terrorism” when the country is pressing the fight against Taliban militants inside its own borders.

Ms. Aslam blamed an “inordinate delay” in Indian cooperation with the Mumbai trial for weakening the prosecution’s case.Pakistani analysts said it was not clear whether the military or other elements of the security apparatus had influenced the court’s decision on Thursday. What seemed more certain, several said, was that the military did not wish to see Mr. Lakhvi or his group aggressively prosecuted.

“His release has been inevitable for a while now,” said Cyril Almeida, an editor at the newspaper Dawn. “The state is simply not interested in pursuing the Mumbai-related trials.”

It was not immediately clear where Mr. Lakhvi went after he walked free from the Adiala jail around 1 p.m. on Friday.

Mr. Lakhvi’s lawyer, Raja Rizwan Abbasi, said that he was probably staying with his family. “Any further detention order would be illegal and in contempt of court,” he said.

CALLS DURING THE ATTACKS:

These Internet-based phone calls were recorded in the control room in Karachi as Zarrar Shah and others directed the terrorists in Mumbai.

Translated from Urdu.

* The control room gives tactical advice to the terrorists in Mumbai. (0:40)

* Control Room: Hello, Salam? * Kasha?
* Terrorists in Mumbai: Salam back to you
* yes, yes.

* Control: Do you understand that you guys need to start heading down? And start cleaning out downwards? * Whoever is standing down there, shoot at him, if there’s another, shoot at him … throw a grenade, and go down.

* Mumbai: [Unintelligible] … We don’t have grenades.

* Control: Don’t you have four grenades? * That’s plenty of grenades. * Mumbai: Yes.

* Control: So why don’t you use two of them? Keep two with you, one on each of you. Use two. * Throw one, then fire and go down to the next floor. * pause
* The terrorists in Mumbai exchange fire with security forces. (0:31) * Terrorists in Mumbai: Peace be unto you.

* Control room: And peace be unto you.

* Mumbai: Peace be unto you.

* Control: And peace be unto you, yes?

* Mumbai: [Unintelligible]

* Control: Yes?

* Mumbai: I’ve been hit by fire, please pray. * I’ve been hit by fire, please pray.

* Control: Where did they hit you? * Where have you been hit? * Where have you been hit?

* Mumbai: I’ve been hit on the arm.

* Control: May God almighty protect you. Their people have gotten injured too, they are picking them up and taking them to the hospital. * [gun shots]

* Mumbai: [Unintelligible] One, one [unintelligible]. Have killed a commando.

* Control: Praise be to God. Praise be to God. * God almighty. *

Mumbai: [Unintelligible]

* Control: Listen, don’t hang up, don’t hang up. *

The six other suspects remained in the Adiala jail.

India says that Mr. Lakhvi, widely considered to be the operational head of Lashkar-e-Taiba, coordinated the November 2008 Mumbai attacks by phone from a base in Pakistan. He was arrested the next month.

In December 2014, a Pakistani Taliban assault on an army-run school in Peshawar killed 150 people, most of them children, and led to a concerted military crackdown on certain militant groups.

Army special forces troops intensified operations in the country’s tribal belt, and Mr. Sharif’s government lifted a moratorium on executions of militant prisoners. Parliament authorized the army to try those prisoners in special courts, which have sweeping powers and recently heard their first cases.

But the crackdown has largely avoided groups, like Lashkar-e-Taiba, that share the military’s stance toward India.
Lashkar fighters have infiltrated Indian-controlled Kashmir and attacked Indian diplomatic targets in Afghanistan, moves that are widely believed to have been supported by Pakistani intelligence.

Although Lashkar was officially banned in 2002, it continues to operate unofficially through Jamaat ud-Dawa, its charity wing, which is based in the eastern city of Lahore but has branches across the country.

The charity’s leader, Hafiz Muhammad Saeed, lives in a Lahore suburb with police protection, free to move about the country making speeches, fund-raising and appearing on television. His supporters have openly mocked a $10 million United States government reward offered for information leading to his prosecution.

In his latest public appearance, on Thursday, Mr. Saeed led a rally in Islamabad, the capital, at which he urged Mr. Sharif’s government to ally with Saudi Arabia in attacking Houthi rebels in Yemen.

Lashkar’s fighters follow the Ahle Hadith school of Islam, which is closely related to the Wahhabism of Saudi Arabia and has helped the group raise money in the Persian Gulf countries. In the past year, its charity wing has expanded its operations to southern Pakistan, raising fears about the government’s failure to check the spread of extremism.

“For India, the signal is clear,” said Mr. Almeida, the newspaper editor. “Kashmir is central to everything, and Pakistan won’t let India forget that, even if Prime Minister Modi doesn’t want to talk to us.”

Salman Masood reported from Islamabad, and Declan Walsh from London. Nida Najar contributed reporting from New Delhi, and Waqar Gillani from Lahore, Pakistan.

A version of this article appears in print on April 11, 2015, on page A6 of the New York edition with the headline: Pakistani Militant Leader Tied to 2008 Mumbai Attacks Is Freed on Bail.