The Celebration of Love as a Fundamental Force:
Yes indeed, Life is complicated. Whole Dude cannot support his mortal existence on the basis of his physical and mental work. Whole Dude lives in Love, the Love that brings together Whole Foods, Whole People, and the Whole Planet; the Force that sets Life in Motion. Whole Foods, Whole People, and Whole Planet come together in a Wholesome Relationship as God is the Energy Provider, the Original Source of Matter and Energy for Life.
The theories, principles, and laws shared by Physics cannot explain the basic functions of Living Matter found in all living things. Hence, we need a Unification Theory to explain all kinds of Fundamental Interactions including the Biotic Interactions for a correct understanding of the World and the Universe in which man finds his existence.
I am using the term ‘Love’ to define it as a Fundamental Force that brings Unity and Harmony in interactions between Inanimate (Unmoving, Stable) and Animate (Moving, Dynamic) matter to establish Natural Order. Love is fundamental to the existence of Sensible or Living Matter when it is viewed as the Life Force that keeps the Living Matter or Substance in Motion all the time during which it Lives. Living Things have the ability to perceive Love which instruments devised by Physicists cannot measure.
Indian Concepts of Moving and Unmoving World
In Indian philosophy, science, and art, Chala (चल) and Achala (अचल) represent the foundational binary of the universe: that which moves (dynamic/transient) and that which is unmoving (stable/eternal). Together, they explain how the universe functions, how the mind operates, and how divinity manifests.
The core distinctions across major Indian traditions break down as follows:
1. Metaphysics and Philosophy (Vedanta & Samkhya)
In Indian philosophical systems, this duality explains the relationship between the material world and ultimate reality:
Chala (The Moving/Changing): Refers to Prakriti (nature) and the phenomenal world (Samsara). The physical world, the mind (manas), emotions, and the flow of time are intrinsically Chala—constantly moving, unstable, and evolving.
Achala (The Unmoving/Changeless): Refers to Purusha or Atman (the true Self / divine consciousness). The ultimate reality is completely static, unshakeable, and eternally at peace (Prashanti). While the world changes around it, the Self remains entirely unaffected.
2. Temple Architecture and Iconography (Shilpa Shastra)
In Shilpa Shastra (the ancient Indian science of arts and crafts), sacred icons and deities (vigrahas) are explicitly categorized by their mobility:
Achala (Immovable): Also known as Mula-vigraha or Dhruva-bera. These are the primary deities permanently installed in the inner sanctum (Garbhagriha) of a temple. Typically carved from stone, terracotta, or stucco, they are physically anchored and never moved. They represent the eternal, unchanging nature of God.
Chala (Movable): Also known as Utsava-murti. These are smaller, metallic idols (often brass or bronze) used for temple processions, festivals, and ritual baths (Abhishekam). They represent the dynamic, accessible, and active grace of the divine moving among humanity.
Chalachala (Movable-Immovable): A rare third category for large images that can be shifted slightly for specific rituals but remain generally stationary.
3. Natural and Ayurvedic Sciences
In early Indian scientific frameworks, these concepts classified life and matter:
Jagat (The Dynamic Realm): The word for the universe itself, Jagat, literally means “that which moves” (Chala), encompassing wind, running water, animals, and cosmic bodies.
Plant Biology: Plant life beautifully bridges both concepts. The growth, cell elongation, nutrient transport via sap, and phototropism (turning toward light) are seen as Chala aspects. Conversely, the deep anchoring of roots in the soil and the quiet stillness of photosynthesis represent Achala.
Physics of Spirituality Science – Love is a Fundamental Force
The Laws of Motion of Classical Physics fails to account for interactions between Living and Non-Living Matter. Physical Forces cannot account for two types of Motion. These are, 1. Observed variations in Rotational Spins of Planets, and 2. Motion of Living Matter.
In Physics, the term ‘Fundamental’ is used to describe a Principle, Theory, Law etc., serving as a basis forming a foundation that could be essential to explain other interactions in the natural world. In Physics, the term ‘Force’ is used to describe the cause or agent that puts an object at rest into motion or alters motion of a moving object.
Physics accounts for Four Fundamental Interactions. In Natural World, there are Interactions between Living and nonliving Matter which are fundamentally different from Interactions explained by Physics.
All known physical interactions of Matter occur through the agency of four basic, or ‘Fundamental’ kinds of ‘Forces’; 1. Strong Nuclear Force, 2. Weak Nuclear Force, 3. Electromagnetic Force, and 4. Gravitation Force. Most natural phenomena can be accounted for in terms of Four Fundamental Interactions. Gravitation and Electromagnetism act over long distances and it is easy to observe their effects. Strong and Weak Nuclear Forces act over subatomic distances and the range of their effects is limited.
LOVE IS A FORCE THAT CANNOT BE MEASURED BY INSTRUMENTS INVENTED BY PHYSICISTS.
Gravitation is the pervasive Fundamental Interaction. Every particle of Matter seems to attract every other particle with a Force that is proportional to the Mass of each and inversely proportional to the square of their separation. This relationship was first proposed by Sir Isaac Newton. His Theory of Gravitation is ‘Fundamental’, in the sense that all Motion due to the gravitational forces exerted on all objects can be described as a result of the same Force. Gravitation causes apples to fall from trees and determines the orbits of planets around Sun.
FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICAL FORCES CANNOT ACCOUNT FOR VARYING ROTATIONAL SPINS OF ASTRONOMICAL BODIES.
Mechanics is the branch of Physics that deals with motion of material bodies and the phenomena of action of forces on bodies. Celestial Mechanics is the study of motion of astronomical bodies as they move under the influence of their mutual gravitation. If the forces acting on a System do not cancel, Motion will result. Calculation of such motions is complicated because many separate forces are acting at once and all bodies are moving simultaneously. Isaac Newton’s Laws of Motion and Theory of Universal Gravitation provide a great understanding of the simple elliptical orbits as described by Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion.
KEPLER’S LAWS MAY ACCOUNT FOR ORBITAL MOTIONS OF PLANETS. HOW ABOUT EXPLAINING ROTATIONAL SPINS OF PLANETS?
It is interesting to note Hindu Scriptures called Vedas may describe or mention Earth’s rotational spin. Neither Vedas, nor Science have accounted for a ‘Force’ that initiated rotational spin of various celestial bodies. Rotational Spin is different from orbital motion displayed by planets. Rotational Spin of planets cannot be explained as caused by physical forces of mutual attraction between celestial objects. Newton maintained that mere Motion does not require application of Force. In Space, there is no friction to restrain motions of celestial bodies.
PHYSICAL FORCE SUCH AS GRAVITATION ACCOUNTS FOR EARTH’S ORBIT OR REVOLUTION AROUND SUN. THERE IS NO PHYSICAL FORCE TO ACCOUNT FOR EARTH’S ROTATION ON ITS AXIS.
Man’s existence on surface of Earth cannot be fully accounted by physical force of Gravitation that explains Earth’s orbit or revolution around Sun. Man travels about 67,000 miles per hour during Earth’s yearly orbit around Sun. Man’s lifetime or lifespan on Earth is determined by alternating periods of Day and Night caused by Earth’s rotational spin. Physical Forces act mechanically without sense of purpose or goal. Earth’s rotational spin serves a specific purpose for it directs Biological Rhythms of Living Systems.
Physical Force may account for the Speed of a point on the surface of Earth. Living Systems have synchronized their Biological Rhythms with Rotational Spin of Earth which serves a specific purpose by causing alternate periods of Light and Darkness called Day and Night.
Man travels nearly 67,000 miles per hour in yearly orbit around the Sun. Earth’s Orbital Motion does not determine Man’s lifetime or lifespan. Man’s lifetime is measured by alternating periods of Day and Night caused by Earth’s rotational spin.
Within our Solar System, no celestial object shares rotational spin characteristics of another object. Each planet spins at a different speed or exhibits different rotational axis. On each planet, we will experience Day and Night and Seasons in different manners as they orbit around Sun. Each planet is unique, distinctive, original, and one of its own kind of celestial object. Space Exploration discovered thousands of planets, but none of them share identical rotational spins, in fact each planet displays individualistic variation in its spin characteristics. So, we need to recognize existence of an”Unknown” Force that may have imparted energy to initiate rotational spin of each celestial object.
TILT AND ROTATION AXIS OF PLANETS SHOW INDIVIDUALISTIC VARIATIONS. EARTH’S TILT AND ROTATION AXIS ARE PURPOSIVE AND GOAL-ORIENTED AS IT DRIVES BIOLOGICAL RHYTHMS.
I am using the term ‘LOVE’ to define it as a Fundamental Force that brings Unity and Harmony in Interactions between Inanimate and Animate Matter to establish Natural Order. LOVE is Fundamental to existence of Sensible or Living Matter. Living Things have the ability to perceive LOVE which instruments developed by man cannot measure.
Whole Mechanics, Whole Dynamics and Whole Equilibrium – Living Matter exhibits a perpetual Living Condition called Motion:
Gravitation, Electricity, and Magnetism are different kinds of physical forces, and Mechanics as a Physical Science can explain the manner in which bodies move under the action of physical forces. In Physics, the simplest mechanical system is the ‘Particle’, a small body and its internal structure and its dimensions are of no consequence in the given problem. Planet Earth may be considered as a rigid -body in which each point is always at a fixed distance from every other. Earth behaves like a Particle as it moves around the Sun and can be treated as a rigid- body in its rotation about its axis. In Classical Mechanics, the bodies are stiff and their deformations have no effect on their motions. Newton’s Laws of Motion assume that the body is a Particle for it covers only the overall motion of a body i.e., the motion of its center of mass and not any rigid-body motion such as rotation. These concepts of ‘Particle’, ‘Rigid-Body’, and ‘Motion’ that are used in Physics and Celestial Mechanics cannot be easily applied in the study of living bodies.
I agree that the Laws of Mechanics, with Time, Space, and Mass as their fundamental variables have a universality that is adequate for describing a variety of natural phenomena. All changes in material non-living things are either the local motions of bodies or the result of the local motions of their parts. Motions are determined in their magnitude and direction by the impressed force which one body exerts upon another and the resistance of that other body.
Can Life be explained in terms of the Laws of Mechanics, that is, the “Push” or “Pull” of one body upon another? I agree that Mechanics signifies a whole philosophy of Nature, a set of fundamental principles under which all the physical sciences can be unified. The principles of Mechanics are applied in Statics, Dynamics, Acoustics, Optics, Thermodynamics, Magnetism, and Electricity. It covers a variety of phenomena from Celestial Mechanics to motions of indivisible particles or Quantum Mechanics. I have no particular concern for Quantum Mechanics, for the operation of the Living Systems is concerned with the structural, and functional organization that mostly involves chemical molecules. The Living Substance is always in motion; man living on the surface of Earth is also always in motion; but the living thing exists as a rigid-body measuring its lifespan using the clues of time intervals or duration between Sunrise and Sunset which track the apparent motion of Sun across earthly sky.
The realities of Celestial Mechanics do not operate the Living Systems as Life demands the intervention called illusion and the blocking of the ability to experience the real motions of planets, satellites, and stars. For man to experience the condition called ‘rest’, or ‘equilibrium’, or ‘static equilibrium’, or ‘dynamic equilibrium’ needs the operation of a Fundamental Force called Love that counteracts all the forces acting upon human body at any given instant.
In my view, the terms rest, equilibrium, static equilibrium, and dynamic equilibrium cannot be applied to living bodies, and living systems. If the term Love is used to describe the Fundamental Force that acts on living bodies, and living systems, the study of Life in Motion must be described as Whole Dynamics, and Whole Equilibrium.
The mechanistic principles of Physics called Mechanics and Dynamics cannot account for the physical function called Motion and Locomotion of Living Things. There is a fundamental distinction or dualism that concerns Matter for it can be divided or separated into animate and inanimate, or Living and Nonliving Matter.
The theories, principles, and laws shared by Physics cannot explain the basic functions of Living Matter found in all living things. Hence, we need a Unification Theory to explain all kinds of Fundamental Interactions including the Biotic Interactions for a correct understanding of the World and the Universe in which man finds his existence.
The Living Matter is characterized by the presence of a substance or living material called Protoplasm or Cytoplasm. Living Matter can be recognized by studying the functions it performs. Living things perform two kinds of basic functions, 1. Motion, and 2. Nutrition. Protoplasm or Cytoplasm is in a constant state or condition called motion and the motion is often called ‘Amoeboid’ for it mimics the typical motion exhibited by Amoeba proteus. The second type of motion is called ‘Cytoplasmic Streaming’ or Protoplasmic Streaming.
I ask my readers to learn about the importance of the motion or movement of Cytoplasm often described as Cytoplasmic Streaming. I am sharing the information from a Text Book of Medical Physiology that explains the role of Cytoplasmic Streaming in the transportation of Neuropeptides in the Nervous System.
Organization of the Nervous System, Basic Functions of Synapses, and Neurotransmitters
John E. Hall PhD, in Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 2021
Neuropeptides
Neuropeptides are synthesized differently and have actions that are usually slow and in other ways different from those of the small-molecule transmitters. The neuropeptides are not synthesized in the cytosol of the presynaptic terminals. Instead, they are synthesized as integral parts of large-protein molecules by ribosomes in the neuronal cell body.
The protein molecules then enter the spaces inside the endoplasmic reticulum of the cell body and subsequently inside the Golgi apparatus, where two changes occur. First, the neuropeptide-forming protein is enzymatically split into smaller fragments, some of which are either the neuropeptide itself or a precursor of it. Second, the Golgi apparatus packages the neuropeptide into minute transmitter vesicles that are released into the cytoplasm. Then, the transmitter vesicles are transported all the way to the tips of the nerve fibers byaxonal streaming of the axon cytoplasm, traveling at the slow rate of only a few centimeters per day. Finally, these vesicles release their transmitter at the neuronal terminals in response to action potentials in the same manner as for small-molecule transmitters. However, the vesicle is autolyzed and is not reused.
Because of this laborious method of forming the neuropeptides, much smaller quantities of neuropeptides than the small-molecule transmitters are usually released. This difference is partly compensated for by the fact that the neuropeptides are generally a thousand or more times as potent as the small-molecule transmitters. Another important characteristic of the neuropeptides is that they often cause much more prolonged actions. Some of these actions include prolonged closure of calcium channels, prolonged changes in the metabolic machinery of cells, prolonged changes in activation or deactivation of specific genes in the cell nucleus, and/or prolonged alterations in numbers of excitatory or inhibitory receptors. Some of these effects last for days, but others last perhaps for months or years. Our knowledge of the functions of the neuropeptides is only beginning to develop.
Neuropeptide and Small-Molecule Transmitters May Coexist in the Same Neurons
Slowly acting neuropeptide transmitters and rapidly acting, small-moleculetransmitters are often stored and released from the same neurons. In some cases, two or more of these transmitters areco-localized in the same synaptic vesicles and areco-released when an action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal. In other cases, these transmitters may be localized in different populations of synaptic vesicles of the same neuron and contribute toco-transmission of signals to a postsynaptic neuron. Moreover, their release may be differentially regulated because of different calcium ion sensitivities or spatial segregation of the vesicles on different boutons.
The second most important function of Living Matter or Substance named Protoplasm or Cytoplasm is stated as its Power of Nutrition. In Physiology, the term ‘Nutrition’ is used to describe the power of a living cell to attract matter found in its external environment.
The realities of Celestial Mechanics do not operate the Living Systems as Life demands the intervention called illusion and the blocking of the ability to experience the real motions of planets, satellites, and stars. For man to experience the condition called ‘rest’, or ‘equilibrium’, or ‘static equilibrium’, or ‘dynamic equilibrium’, needs the operation of a Fundamental Force called Love that counteracts all the forces acting upon human body at any given instant.
Every particle of Matter seems to attract every other particle of Matter with a force that is proportional to the mass of each and inversely proportional to the square of their separation. This Newton’s Theory of Gravitation is Fundamental, in the sense that all motion due to the gravitational forces exerted on all objects can be described as a result of the same Force. However, in Biological Science, the understanding of characteristics such as Motion and the Power of Attraction called ‘Nutrition’ need a different basis as Living Things attract matter in a selective manner, certain substances are actively absorbed and certain substances are rejected and expelled by the Cell after their absorption if needed.
I describe Spirit or Soul as the Vital, Animating, Life Principle found in all Living Things. If Spirit and Soul is viewed as the basis to explain the phenomenon called ‘Life’, in Natural World, all kinds of existence demand the operation of a Force that can bring Unity among the kinds of forces. Ultimately, the orderly functioning of the Universe demands the synchronization of the Forces that operate the Natural Order.
I propose my ‘Whole Love’ Theory to explain the synchronization of all the Forces that operate the Natural Order. Love is also used to describe an intimate relationship with deep understanding which demands the act of sharing one’s thoughts and emotions with another person or others. When Love is defined as a Fundamental Force, I am sharing a concept that brings Unity between the animate and inanimate World. If this concept of ‘Whole Love’ is not appetizing, I would invite you to try some 365 Everyday Value Mismatched Sandwich Cremes sold exclusively at Whole Foods to know the Power of Attraction called LOVE.
Rudolf Virchow is reborn as Whole Dude to describe the spiritual connection between the Cell and its Energy Provider
Whole Dude acknowledges his German heritage at Whole Foods when he discovered the spiritual connection between man, food, and Providence. Whole Foods, Whole People, and Whole Planet are connected by a material substance called Protoplasm or Cytoplasm, a divine plan to provide nourishment to Life.
The Rudolf Virchow Connection at Whole Foods, Ann Arbor can be best described as the concept of Whole Spirituality, the three dimensional spiritual relationship between the multicellular human organism, food, and the Divine Providence.
Spiritualism – The Cell Theory of Spirituality
In Biology, cell is the basic or fundamental unit of structure, function, and organization in all living things or it is the building block of life. Let me begin with my respectful tribute to some of the people who contributed to ‘The Cell Theory’, one of the foundations of Biological Sciences. Cells were first observed in the 17th century shortly after the discovery of the microscope. Robert Hooke, british curator of instruments at The Royal Society of London, during 1665 coined the word cell. Dutch microscopist Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) made over 247 microscopes and examined microorganisms and tissue samples. He gave the first complete descriptions of bacteria, protozoa (which he called animalcules), spermatozoa, and striped muscle. He also studied capillary circulation and observed Red Blood Cells.
Improvements in microscopy during early 19th century permitted closer observation and the significance of cells had received better understanding. Matthias Jakob Schleiden (1838), german botanist, Theodor Schwann (1839), german physiologist, and Rudolf Virchow (1855), german pathologist, and others made important contributions to the Cell Theory that describes cell as the building block of all Life.
The Cell is the smallest unit in the living organism that is capable of carrying on the essential life processes of sustaining metabolism for producing energy and reproducing. Many simple, small, single-celled organisms like Protozoa perform all life functions. In higher, complex, bigger, multicellular organisms, groups of cells are structurally and functionally differentiated into specialized tissues and organ systems. Thus, the Cell Theory includes the following foundational principles of the Biological Sciences:
1. All living things are made up of cells. Cell is the most elementary or basic unit of Life.
2. Cell is a fundamental unit of structure, function, and organization in all living things including plants and animals.
3. Cells only rise from division of previously existing cells.
4. All cells are similar in composition, form, and function. All cells are basically the same in chemical composition (in spite of variations) in organisms of similar species. For example, all the solid tissues in the human body can be shown to consist largely of similar cells; differing it is true, but that are essentially similar to an Ovum.
5. The cells exhibit functional autonomy. The activity of an organism depends on the total activity of ‘INDEPENDENT’ cells.
6. Energy flow (metabolism and biochemistry) occurs within cells.
7. Cells contain hereditary, biological information (DNA) which is passed from cell to cell during cell division.
The Cell Theory of Spirituality
The basic or fundamental unit of life in the human organism is derived from the fertilized egg cell that eventually develops into a complete organism. The most significant feature of similarity between the cells of the human body is the presence of a soft, gelatinous, semi-fluid, granular material inside the cell. This substance known as Protoplasm or Cytoplasm, or Cytosol is similar to the ground substance found in the Ovum or the Egg Cell.
This viscous, translucent, colloidal substance is enclosed in a membrane called Cell Membrane, Plasma Membrane or Biological Membrane. A small spherical body called nucleus is embedded in the Protoplasm of the cell. The three essential features of any living cell in the human body are that of the presence of protoplasm, the nucleus, and the cell membrane.
Protoplasm – The Ground Substance of Spiritualism and Spirituality
I seek the existence of Soul or Spirit in a substance that is basic to life activities, and in a material that is responsible for all living processes. I, therefore, propose that the understanding of the true or real nature of this ground substance of all living matter will help man to discover peace, harmony, and tranquility in all of his internal and external relationships while man exists in a physical environment as a member of a social group, social community, and Society. In this blog post, I would like to pay my respectful tribute to Jan Evangelista Purkinje and Hugo Von Mohl for their great contribution to the scientific understanding of the living substance, living material, and living matter.
Purkinje conducted his research on human vision at the University of Prague and later on, he served there as a Professor of Physiology (1850-69). He went to Germany and was appointed the Chair of Physiology and Pathology (1823-50) at the University of Breslau, Prussia. There Purkinje created the world’s first independent Department of Physiology (1839) and the first Physiological Laboratory (Physiological Institute, 1842). He is best known for his discovery of large nerve cells with many branching extensions found in the cortex of Cerebellum of the brain (Purkinje Cells, 1837). He discovered the fibrous tissue that conducts electrical impulses from the ‘pacemaker’ called Atrioventricular node or A-V node along the inside walls of the ventricles to all parts of the heart to help in Cardiac contractile function (Purkinje Fibers, 1839). In 1835, he invented and introduced the scientific term ‘Protoplasm’ to describe the ground substance found inside young animal embryo cells. He discovered the sweat glands of the skin (1833); he discovered the nine configuration groups of Fingerprints used in biometric identification of man (1823); he described the germinal vesicle or nucleus of the unripe ovum that now bears his name (1825), and he noted the protein digesting power of pancreatic extracts (1836).
Hugo Von Mohl named the granular, colloidal material that made up the main substance of the plant cell as “Protoplasm” in 1846. Purkinje invented the word, but Hugo gave more clarity, understanding, and knowing the nature of this ground substance. He viewed cell as an “elementary organ” and in Physiology he explained Protoplasm as an organ of Motion or Movement, Nutrition, and Reproduction. It is the preliminary material in cellular generation. He was the first to propose that new cells are formed by division of preexisting cells and he had observed this process of Cell Division in the algal cells of Conferva glomerata. His observations are very important to understand the Cell Theory that explains cells as the basic building blocks of Life. He was the first to investigate the phenomenon of the stomatal openings in leaves.
Protoplasm is a complex, viscous, translucent solution of such materials as salts and simple sugars with other molecules, mostly proteins and fats, in a colloidal state, that is dispersed but not dissolved in one another. Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen constitute more than 90 percent of Protoplasm.
It exhibits properties such as Protoplasmic Streaming or Cytoplasmic Streaming or Motion that is called “Amoeboid Movement.” It has the intrinsic power to change its shape and position. It has the power of Nutrition by which it can attract and obtain the materials necessary for its growth and maintenance from surrounding matter/environment.
The living functions such as Nutrition, Cellular Respiration, and Reproduction performed by Cytoplasm involve acquiring, processing, retaining, and using information to perform tasks in a sequential manner for a predetermined purpose and hence describe Consciousness, Memory, and Intelligence.
The terms Soul and Spirit belong to the materialistic realm where the Physical Reality of man’s biological existence is established. I have not yet discovered any good reason to use the terms Soul and Spirit as a metaphysical or transcendental Reality.
The Inheritance of Cytoplasmic Membrane or Cell or Plasma Membrane:
The Functions of Cytoplasmic Membrane or Cell Membrane or Biological Membrane:
1. Protection: It protects the cell from its surroundings or extracellular environment. Plant cell possess wall over the plasma membrane for extra protection and support.
2. Holding cell contents: Plasma membranes hold the semi fluid protoplasmic contents of the cell intact; thus keeping the individuality of the cell.
3. Selective Permeability: Cell membrane allows only selected or specific substances to enter into the cell and are impermeable to others.
Gases like O2 and CO2 can diffuse rapidly in solution through membranes.
Small compounds like H2O and methane can easily pass through where as sugars, amino acids and charged ions are transported with the help of transport proteins.
The size of the molecules which can pass through the plasma membrane is 1-15 A0. This property is responsible for keeping a cell ‘as a cell’, an individual unit.
4. Shape: It maintains form and shape of the cell. It serves as site of anchorage or attachment of the cytoskeleton; thus providing shape to the cell (especially in animal cells without cell wall).
5. Organelles: Cell membrane delimits or covers all sub-cellular structures or organelles like nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, microbodies etc. thus protecting them form the surroundings and also helps in maintaining a constant internal environment.
6. Compartmentalization: Cell membrane separate the cells from their external environment and cell organelle from cytosol. It help the cells and their organelles to have their own microenvironments, structural and functional individuality.
7. Cell Recognition: With the help of glycolipids and glycoproteins on its surface, cell membranes are able to differentiate similar cells from dissimilar ones, foreign substances and cells own materials. Cell recognition is useful for tissue formation and defence against microbes.
8. Antigens: Cell membranes possess antigens which determine blood grouping, immune response, acceptance or rejection of a transplant (graft rejection by MHC’s on plasma membrane).
9. Microvilli: They are microscopic finger like projections of plasma membrane present on some cells like intestinal epithelial cells, which are involved in a wide variety of functions, including increasing surface area for absorption, secretion, cellular adhesion etc.
10. Sheaths of cilia and flagella: Cilia and flagella are projections from the cell; made up of microtubules which are covered by an extension of the plasma membrane.
11. Cytoplasmic bridges in plasmodesmata and gap junctions: Plasmodesmata in plant cells and gap junctions in animal cells; meant for intercellular transport and communication, form cytoplasmic bridges between adjacent cells through plasma membrane.
12. Endocytosis and Exocytosis: Bulk intake of materials or endocytosis occurs through development of membrane vesicles or invagination and engulfing by plasma membrane.
Exocytosis: It is reverse of endocytosis that provides for releasing waste products and secretory materials ot of the cells with the help of plasma membrane.
13. Impulse transmission in neurons: The transmission of a nerve impulse along a neuron from one end to the other occurs as a result of electrical changes across the plasma membrane of the neuron
14. Cell metabolism: Cell membranes control cell metabolism through selective permeability and retentivity of substances in a cell.
15. Electron transport chain in bacteria: In bacteria; Electron transport chain is located in cell membrane.
16. Osmosis through cell membrane: It is movement of solvent molecules (generally water) from the region of less concentrated solution to the region of high concentrated solution through a semi permeable membrane. Here the semi permeable membrane that helps in osmosis is the cell membrane. Eg: Root cells take up water from the soil by osmosis
17. Carrier proteins for active transport: They occur in the cell membranes and control active transport of substances. Example, GLUT1 is a named carrier protein found in almost all animal cell membranes that transports glucose across the bilayer or plasma membrane.
18. Plasma Membrane enzymes: Many enzymes are present on the plasma membrane with wide variety of catalytic activity. Example: Red blood cell plasma membranes contain a number of enzymes such as ATPases, anion transport protein, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, protein kinases, adenylate cyclase, acetylcholinesterase.
19. Cell Membrane Receptors: Receptor on the plasma membrane performs signal transduction, converting an extracellular signal into an intra-cellular signal. Membrane possess receptors for hormones, neurotransmitters, antibodies and several other biochemicals.
20. Plasma membrane assisted Cell movements: Undulation and pseudopodia are cell membrane phenomenon involved in cell movement. Amoeba, macrophages and WBCs move with the helps of temporary organelles like pseudopodia. Pseudopods are temporary cytoplasmic projections of the cell membrane in certain unicellular protists such as Amoeba. Some mammalian cells such as fibroblasts can move over a solid surface by wave like undulations of the plasma membrane.
The Ground Substance of Spiritualism and Spirituality. The vital characteristics, the animating principles of Protoplasm could be known by observing Amoeba proteus. The Living Substance works as an organ of Motion or Movement, as an organ of Nutrition, and as an organ of Reproduction to generate new cells which have a life span of their own. In these physiological functions, I describe the characteristics such as Cognition, Consciousness, Memory, and Intelligence as spiritual attributes of Life as they bring functional unity and harmony in the interactions between different parts of the same individual organism while it exists in an environment as a member of a biological community.
The Spirituality of Substance, Function, Organization, Action and Interactions:
To establish the biological existence of the human organism, I add the concept of Spiritualism and Spirituality to the Cell Theory.
The Single Fertilized Egg Cell has ground substance that is of Spiritual nature and the Spiritualism and Spirituality consists of the following functional, and organizational characteristics:
1. The Cell is Conscious of its own existence and knows its internal condition and knows it external environment.
2. The Cell is intelligent and it has the cognitive abilities like perception and memory to acquire information, to retain information, to recall information, and to use information in the performance of its complex tasks in a sequential manner.
3. The Cell has the ability to show characteristics such as mutual cooperation, mutual tolerance, and display functional subordination and subservience while being independent.
4. The Cell grows, divides, and develops into a complete organism while it acquires substances and energy from an external environment. The power of Protoplasm/Cytoplasm to attract matter found in its external environment is called Nutrition. The Cell continuously transforms matter to build matter of its own kind for its own benefit to sustain its existence with its own identity and individuality. The Organism represents a social group or a biological community of Cells. The Spiritual nature of Protoplasm/Cytoplasm brings this functional harmony and unity in the Social Group or Biotic Community of Cells by bringing together its Essence and Existence.
5. The Cell Theory is incomplete for it does not describe the conditioned nature of the Cell’s existence. The Cell represents a Living System that is thermodynamically unstable. It requires a constant supply of matter and energy from its external environment to sustain its living functions. The concept of Whole Spirituality formulates the connection between the Cell and its external source of matter and energy.
The theoretical claims about Spirit and Soul, the religious and philosophical doctrines of Spiritualism and Spirituality must be verified using the Cell Theory that defines the human organism. To describe Soul or Spirit as nonmaterial or immaterial Self will not help man to know the real or true man.
Whole Foods, Whole People, and Whole Planet come together in a Wholesome Relationship as God is the Energy Provider, the Original Source of Matter and Energy for Life.
Dr. Rudranarasimham, Rebbapragada, B.Sc., M.B.B.S.,
Father’s Name: R. Suryanarayana Murty, M.A., B.Ed.,
Sri Venkateswara University, M.B.B.S. Class of April, 1970
Andhra Pradesh Medical Council Medical Registration Number: AMC5282; Date of Registration: September 16, 1971
