LIFE AND DEATH – KNOWLEDGE IN ACTION

LIFE AND DEATH – KNOWLEDGE IN ACTION

Life and Death, Creation and Dissolution demand performance of guided, sequential, goal-oriented, purposive actions that involve application of Knowledge. Life and Death demand State of Knowing, Fact of Knowing, and Condition of Knowing Range of Information.

Cells are building blocks of Life. In the context of study of Human Life, all Cells of Man are derived from a previously existing Fertilized Egg Cell that is essentially made up of three parts, 1. Cytoplasm, 2. Nucleus, and 3. Plasma Membrane.

**LIFE AND DEATH – KNOWLEDGE IN ACTION. MEMBRANE PERFORMS SEVERAL COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS TO ESTABLISH LIVING CELL AS AN INDEPENDENT, INDIVIDUAL ENTITY.**

Cells perform a variety of functions to make, repair, or degrade Molecules of Life. Not all of the Information is derived from Nucleus which stores ‘genetic information’ in structures called Chromosomes. Apart from ‘Genetic Inheritance’, Life demands ‘Maternal Inheritance’ or Cytoplasmic Inheritance which includes various Cytoplasmic Organelles, and Membrane System which enables Cell to perform its activities by creating isolated compartments within the Cell. Plasma Membrane and Membrane System of Cell perform several Cognitive Functions to establish Living Cell as an Independent, Individual Entity.

**LIFE AND DEATH – KNOWLEDGE IN ACTION. COGNITIVE ABILITY OF MEMBRANE. STRUCTURE OF MITOCHONDRION.**

I ask my readers to give attention to ‘COGNITIVE’ abilities of Cell Membrane, the part of Cytoplasm which not only acts as Physical Barrier to segregate Cell Activity but also ‘Knows’ or recognizes specific Molecules to allow, to regulate, or to facilitate their entry or exit. For example, Membrane of Mitochondria has ‘Cognitive’ ability to recognize thousands of varied peptide molecules they routinely process to perform metabolic functions.

Like all other Cellular functions and activities, the process described as “AUTOPHAGY” represents Cognitive Ability of Cell Membrane System.

Rudranarasimham Rebbapragada
Ann Arbor, MI 48104-4162 USA
BHAVANAJAGAT.ORG

YOSHINORI OHSUMI WINS NOBEL PRIZE FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH ON CELLS

**LIFE AND DEATH – KNOWLEDGE IN ACTION. 2016 NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE.**

Monday, October 03, 2016

By Sheena McKenzie, CNN

**LIFE AND DEATH – KNOWLEDGE IN ACTION. DR. YOSHINORI OHSUMI.**

[Japanese scientist Yoshinori Ohsumi pictured at the Tokyo Institute of Technology campus in Yokohama]

(CNN)The first of this year’s Nobel Prizes has been revealed, kicking off with the award for Physiology or Medicine.

Biologist Yoshinori Ohsumi, of the Tokyo Institute of Technology, was awarded the medicine prize for his discoveries in autophagy — the process whereby a cell recycles part of its own contents.

Scientists had been aware of autophagy since around the 1960s, but knew little about how it worked — until Ohsumi’s pioneering experiments with baker’s yeast in the 1990s.

It’s important because autophagy can eliminate invading intracellular bacteria, and disrupted autophagy has been linked to Parkinson’s disease, type 2 diabetes and other disorders that particularly affect the elderly.

What does autophagy mean?

The term “autophagy” can be translated as “self-eating,” and was first coined by scientists studying cell behavior in the 1960s.

At the time, researchers found a cell could destroy part of its own contents by transporting it to another compartment — called the lysosome — for degradation.

But as Nobel Committee member Juleen Zierath explained, Ohsumi showed that the lysosome “wasn’t a waste dump — it was a recycling plant.”

The Nobel Prize winner’s experiments in the 1990s used baker’s yeast to identify genes essential for autophagy.

“He then went on to elucidate the underlying mechanisms for autophagy in yeast, and showed that similar sophisticated machinery is used in our cells,” explained the Nobel Foundation in a statement.

What does it mean for us?

“Thanks to Ohsumi and others following in his footsteps, we now know that autophagy controls important physiological functions where cellular components need to be degraded and recycled,” it said.

“Autophagy can rapidly provide fuel for energy and building blocks for renewal of cellular components, and is therefore essential for the cellular response to starvation and other types of stress. After infection, autophagy can eliminate invading intracellular bacteria and viruses.”

“The foundation also explains that disrupted autophagy has been linked to Parkinson’s disease, type 2 diabetes and other disorders that appear in the elderly.

“Mutations in autophagy genes can cause genetic disease. Disturbances in the autophagic machinery have also been linked to cancer. Intense research is now ongoing to develop drugs that can target autophagy in various diseases.

From the vault

In 2015, the prize was divided — one half jointly going to Ireland’s William C. Campbell and Japan’s Satoshi Omura for “their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites.”

And the other half awarded to China’s Youyou Tu for “her discoveries concerning a novel therapy against Malaria.”

Back in 2012 Britain’s John B. Gurdon and Japan’s Shinya Yamanaka won the prize for discovering that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become immature cells capable of developing into all tissues of the body.

“Since the method we’ve developed doesn’t require embryos, it could technically allow anybody with a slight knowledge of chemistry to transform skin cells, and even possibly down the road produce a human being from skin cells,” said Yamanaka at the time.